Sponsor Area
(ii) Itching.
Sponsor Area
Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. For eg. Smack or heroin
(ii) Cocaine. It is obtained from Cocoa plant Erythroxylum coca.
(i) Typhoid and (ii) Pneumonia.
(ii) Streptococcus preumoniae and Haemophilous influenzae.
1. Having balanced diet.
2. Vaccination/immunisation against infectious diseases.
3. Controlling of vectors.
4. Proper disposal of wastes/excreta.
5. Consumption of clean food and drinking water.
6. Regular exercise or yoga.
7..Being aware about the diseases and their effects on different body functions.
8. Personal hygiene
Make a list of common infectious diseases.
Depending on the pathogen, some common infectious diseases are as follows:
1. It is caused by rhinoviruses.
2. These viruses infect the nasal and respiratory passages, but not the lungs.
3. Its symptoms include : (a) nasal congestion and discharge, (b) sore throat, (c) cough, (d) headache, (e) tiredness and (f) hoarseness.
4. It lasts for 3-7 days.
5. It spreads by (a) inhaling droplets resulting from cough and sneezing by infected person and (b) by contaminated food, water and objects like pen hanky or cups etc.
Sponsor Area
2. The infection occurs due to the intake of contaminated food and water.
3. The pathogen in the food or water enters the small intestine and then the other parts through blood.
4. It is charaterized by : (a) sustained high fever (103° - 104° F), (b) stomach pain, (c) loss of appetite, (d) constipation and (e) headache.
5. The intestine may become perforated and lead to death in severe cases.
6. Typhoid can be detected by Widal test.
1. It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
2. The microbes infect the alveoli of lungs, where the alveoli become filled with a fluid resulting in severe difficulty in breathing/respiration.
3. Symptoms.- The symptoms include : (a) fever, (b) headache, (c) cough and (d) chills (e) In severe cases the lips and fingernails may turn greyish to bluish.
4.Modes of transmission is by (a) inhalation of droplets released by an infected person and (b) sharing the contaminated utensils.
1. The humoral immune system which is mediated by the antibodies.
2. The cell mediated immune system which is mediated by T-cells.
T-cells do not produce antibodies but help the B-cells to produce it.
|
B-cells |
T-cells |
|
|
1. They are produced in cells of bone marrow and remain there and later migrate to lymphoid tissue. 2. These cells produce antibodies. 3. They are part of humoral immune system. 4. They act against viruses and bacteria in the blood.
|
1. They are produced in cells of bone marrow and migrate to the thymus and differentiate under the influence of thymus. 2. These cells do not produce antibodies. 3. They are part of cell mediated immune system. 4. They act against pathogenic microorganism, in cells. 5. T-cells are responsible for the rejection of the transplant. |
|
How B-cells respond to antigens?
Mode of action of B-cells.
1. When antigens invade a tissue fluid, B-cells are activated.
2. The B-cells proliferate into two types of cells called plasma and memory cells.
3. The plasma cells produce antibody while the memory cells that have a long life span and remember the antigen for enhanced immune response in the case of any future encounter with the same antigen.
4. If this does not happen, the B-cell dies quickly. However, there is a constant supply of new B-cells.
5. The antibody produced by the cells reacts with antigen and destroys it.
A summary of action of B-cell
(Humoral Immunity)
How T-cells respond to antigens?
T-cells respond to antigens by producing a clone of T-cells. Each T-cell recognizes a specific antigen. Therefore, the body contains separate T-cells for every antigen that the body encounters.
1. The Killer T-cells directly attack and destroy antigens. They do so by moving to the site of invasion and producing chemicals that attract phagocytes and stimulate them to feed more aggressively on antigens. They also produce substances which attract other T-cells.
2. Helper T-cells act to stimulate antibody production by B-cells.
3. Suppressor T-cells suppress the total immune reaction keeping it from attacking the body’s own cells.
4. Memory T-cells have the ability to produce more effector cells.
|
Antibodies |
Interferons |
|
1.Produced by B-cells only 2.They act against bacterial and viral infections. |
1.Produced by T-cells. 2. They act against virus only. |
2. Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It caused due to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
(ii) Modes of Transmission.
(a) Sexual intercourse with the infected person.
(b) Use of contaminated needles and syringes.
(c) Transfusion of contaminated blood.
(d) From infected mother to the child through placenta.
|
Immunodeficiency diseases |
Autoimmune diseases |
|
1. Immuno-deficiency disease are those in which the body is unable to defend itself against infections. 2. Examples : Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) |
1.In auti-immune diseases the body attacks self cells. 2. Examples : Rheumatoid arthritis
|
(i) A person may suffer from high fever.
(ii) Reddening of skin, appearance of blisters on skin.
(iii) Running nose and sneezing.
(iv) Watering of eyes and inability to breathe.
1. Decreased Number of T-helper cells.
2. Person suffers form fever , weight loss and diarrhoea.
3. Person become susceptible to the infections due to bacteria especially Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi and parasites like Toxoplasma.
ELISA test. that is Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay.
(i) Benign tumour (ii) Malignant tumour (iii) Metastasis.
(ii) Malignant tumour are those tumours which spread to the other body parts and do not remain confined to the place of origin.
(iii) Metastasis is the condition where cells form the tumour slough off and travel to distant parts through the blood and form tumour at those new places.
(1) Malignant tumours (ii) Carcinogenic.
(ii) Carcinogenic. The factors which cause cancer are known as carcinogenic factors or carcinogens e.g. Chewing of tobacco, UV- radiations etc.
| Normal cells | Cancerous cells |
| 1.Show the property of contact inhibition. | 1.Do not show the property of contact inhibition. |
| 2. Controlled growth | 2. Uncontrolled growth. |
| 3. Do not show metastasis | 3. May show mestasis |
| 4. Mortal | 4. Immortal |
Drugs, Drug addiction, Tranquillisers, Depressant and Stimulants.
Drug Addiction. It is defined as psychological dependence on drug for the feeling of well-being. The person becomes so habituated to drugs and body become tolerant to drugs that only high doses are needed for response.
Tranquillisers. They slow down the function of brain and give a feeling of relaxation. They influence only the mental excitement but do not affect the working efficiency, e.g., alcohol, calmpose, diazepum.
Depressant. Depressants are used to calm anxiety. They give a feeling of drowsiness and relaxation. e.g., Barbiturates .
Stimulants (Antidepressants). These drugs temporarily increase the mental alertness. They are also called mood elevators e.g., Amphetamines, cocaine, coffee and tea also contain small amount of stimulant.
These drugs have a strong effect on brain and sense organs which produce hallucinationa and aletred perception. The individual may sense strong colours and strong sounds even and see things even though nothing is there. For eg. LSD (Lysergic acid Dimethyl amide), Marijuana and Hashish.
Barbiturates. They are the synthetic drugs. They are sedatives and are the major components of sleeping pills. Its use produces drowsiness and feeling of confusion . Its withdrawal may cause epilepsy.
(1) Hashish or Charas is obtained from flowering tops of female plants.
(2) Bhang is obtained from dry leaves.
(3) Ganja is obtained from small leaves and bracts of inflorescence.
Marijuana is another drug obtained from Cannabis sativa. The common effects of these drugs is feeling of euphoria, hallucinations, rise in blood sugar level and energy.
LSD (Lysergic acid dimethylamide). These are the sedatives. It is one of the most dangerous drug of the century derived from argot fungus. It causes visual illusions, fantasies, floating sensations etc.
Psychotherapy. Psychological help or treatment provided by a qualified doctor for some mental health problems..
(i) development of masculine features and deepening of voice
(ii) increased aggressiveness and mood swings.
(iii) irregular and abnormal menstrual cycle
(iv) excess hair growth on the face and body.
(v) enlargement of clitoris etc
2. Sporozoites are the infective stage. which enter the body, reach the liver through blood and multiply within the liver cells.
3. Infected liver cells burst and release the parasites (Cryptomerozoites) into blood which then attack RBCs. They multiply with RBCs and cause their rupture.
4. The rupture of RBCs releases a toxin called haemozoin, which is responsible for the high recurring fever and the chill/ shivering .
5.The parasite then enters the female Anopheles mosquito along with the blood when it bites the infected person.
6. Further development occurs in the stomach of the mosquito. They multiply and are stored in salivary glands
7. Sporozoites formed are transported to and stored in the salivary glands of mosquitoes and are transferred to a human body during the bite of the mosquito.
Cause. It is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. (round worm).
Symptoms. Its symptoms include : (a) Blockage of intestinal passage, (b) Anaemia, (c) Abdominal/muscular pain, (d) Internal bleeding, (e) Nausea and headache.
Modes of transmission. Infection is transmitted through contaminated vegetables, fruits and water as eggs of parasite excreted by the infected persons contaminate the soil, plants and water.
(ii) Filariasis/Elephantiasis.
Cause. It is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi (filarial worms).
Symptoms- Normally the lymph vessels of the lower limbs are affected causing them to swell like that of an elephant, hence also called elephantiasis.Genital organs may also be affected leading to gross deformation.
Modes of transmission. It is transmitted by female Culex mosquito that acts a vector.
(iii) Ringworms.
Cause. These are caused by fungi like Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton.
Symptoms. The symptoms include : (i) dry scaly lesions on skins, nails and scalp, (ii) lesions are accompanied by itching.
Modes of transmission. Ringworms are generally acquired from soil or by direct contact with the contaminated articles used by the infected persons.
(i) Bone marrow. Bone marrow present in bones is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced. Bone marrow provides the microenvironment for the development and maturation of B lymphocytes (a type of lymphocytes discussed earlier).
(ii) Thymus. Thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the breastbone. It provides microenvironment for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
|
Types of Drugs |
Examples |
Effects |
|
|
I. Sedative tranquillizers (depressant) II. Opiate narcotics or Stimulants III. Hallucinogens |
Benzodiazephines (e.g., Valium), barbiturates. Opium, morphine, heroin, Caffeine (very mild), cocaine, amphetamines. |
Depresses brain activity and produces feelings of calmness, relaxation, drowsiness and deep sleep (high doses). Stimulates the nervous system ; makes a person more wakeful, increases alertness and activity, produces excitement. Alters thought, feelings and perceptions. |
|
The most common warning signals of drug/alcohol abuse include :
(i) Drop in academic performance.
(ii) Lack of interest in personal hygiene.
(iii) Withdrawal and isolation from family and friends and depression.
(iv) Aggressive and rebellious behaviour.
(v) Change in sleeping and eating habits.
(vi) Fluctuations in weight, etc.
What is allergy?
Sponsor Area
(1) By practising good habits and avoiding undue peer pressure.
(2) By attaining proper education and counseling.
(3) By seeking help from the parents and teachers.
(4) By maintaining good company.
(5) By seeking medical help if required.
Draw a sketch of action of HIV in the body.
Action of HTV in the body.
The virus enters the host body and invades the macrophages where its RNA genome replicates with the help of revese transcriptase enzyme to form viral DNA. The DNA is incorporated into the host genome and so it compells the macrophages to continue producing virus particles. The viruse salso enters T-helper cells and produce viruses. The viruses formed attack more and more T-helper cells and results in the decrease in their number.
Action of HIV in the body .
1. Presence of adhesive organs or suckers to cling to the host.
2.Property to thrive in low pH conditions.
Answer the following questions:
(i) How and at what stage does Plasmodium enter into a human body?
(ii) Why does the victim show symptoms of high fever?
(i) Sporozoite stage enters human body along with saliva of female anopheles mosquito as it bites to suck blood.
(ii)The victim shows symptoms of high fever and chills because of the release of haemozoin from the ruptured RBCs.
1. Physical barriers. The skin and mucous membranes constitute the physical barrier of immunity. The mucous entraps the microbes and protects the body. The oil and sweat does not let any microbe grow on the skin.
2. Physiological barrier. Body temperature, pH and various body secretions like tears prevent growth of many pathogenic micro-organisms.
1. It increases thw chances of cancer of lungs , urinary bladder and throat.
2. It increases heart rate and the risk of coronary heart disease.
3. It increases the risk of gastric ulcers.
4. It harms the lungs and may cause breathing problems and emphysema.
5. It increases Carbon monoxide and decreases the haemoglobin concentration in blood thus causing oxygen deficiency.
6. It cause headaches, dizziness, stained teeth and bleeding gums.
(1) Practising good habits.
(2) Attaining good quality education.
(3) Obtaining counselling as and when required.
(4) Seeking help from parents and proper guidance from teachers.
(5) Maintaining good company.
(6) Seeking expert professional and medical help if required.
Example. Rheumatoid artritis in which the immune system destroys the cells of the joints and thus harms the body.
A.
B-lymphocytesD.
Helps the B-cells to release antibodiesD.
Helper T-cellsC.
B-cells and T-cells bothC.
Helper T-cellsD.
All of aboveA.
Aedes mosquitoWhat are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
The measures that should be taken as safeguard against infectious diseases are:
(i) Proper disposal and treatment of sewage and excreta.
(ii) Periodic inspection and cleaning of the public water resources.
(iii) Vaccination to provide protection to the body from communicable.
(iv) Personal hygiene – Maintaining a clean body, consumption of healthy and nutritious food, drinking clean water, etc.
(v) Isolation and proper treatment of the infected persons to prevent the spread of disease.
(vi) Eliminating breeding grounds of the vectors of the infectious diseases.
In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
The study of biology provides us with the knowledge of the spread and communication of infectious diseases and the ways to avoid them. Therefore if we know the cause and origin then we can avoid the spread of disease. Moreover the discovery of vaccines and antibiotics which help to fight against the disease and protect us from catching the diseases is another advantage of biology.
What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
Water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis B, etc. are spread by drinking contaminated water. These water-borne diseases can be prevented by
i. Drinking clean water and avoiding contaminated water.
ii. Periodic cleaning and maintenance of water storage materials and water sources.
iii. Disinfecting community reservoirs.
iv. Eliminating breeding grounds of the vectors of such diseases.
v. Proper disposal of sewage.
Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
(a) Primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus.
(b) Secondary lymphoid organs are spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of small intestine, MALT.
The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form:
(a) MALT (b) CMI (c) AIDS (d) NACO (e) HIV
The full forms are:
(a) MALT – Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
(b) CMI - Cell-mediated immunity.
(c) AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
(d) NACO – National AIDS Control Organisation.
Sponsor Area
Differentiate the following and give examples of each:
Innate and acquired immunity
|
Innate immunity |
Acquired immunity |
|
1. Non-specific type of defence. |
1. Pathogen specific |
|
2. Present from birth. |
2. Develops during lifetime |
|
3. Accomplished by providing different barriers to foreign agents. |
3. It operates by producing primary and secondary responses which are mediated by B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. |
|
4. No memory present. |
4. Memory is present. |
Differentiate the following and give examples of each:
Active and passive immunity
|
Active immunity
|
Passive immunity
|
|
1. Immunity is provided by the antibodies synthesised by the body. |
1. Immunity is provided by the pre-formed antibodies that are injected in to the host organism. |
|
2. Does not need a booster dose. |
2. Needs a booster dose. |
|
3. It is slow and has a lag phase, immunity is not immediate. |
3. It provides immediate protection and is fast. |
|
4. Memory is there. |
4. No memory present. |
What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV has the following modes of transmission:
(a) Sharing infected needles and syringes.
(b) From an infected mother to a child through the placenta.
(c) Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
(d) Transfusion of blood from an infected to a healthy person.
What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
|
Normal Cells |
Cancerous cells. |
|
1. They have a slow and limited growth. |
1. They have a rapid division and are immortal. |
|
2. Contact inhibition present. |
2. No contact inhibition is present. |
|
3. Cell growth and differentiation is controlled. |
3. Cell growth and differentiation is uncontrolled. |
|
4. Do not show the property of metastasis. |
4. Show the property of metastasis. |
Explain what is meant by metastasis.
List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
Alcohol and drugs have various adverse effects:
Alcohol and drug abuse lead to reckless and rash behaviour, depression, fatigue, aggression and violence. It has several ill effects on the body, like damage to the liver and the nervous system, loss of weight and appetite, respiratory problems, heart failure, resulting coma and death. Use of needles may lead to transmission of AIDS. Consumption of excess alcohol by any family member can have devastating effects on the family. It leads to several domestic problems such as quarrels, frustrations, insecurity, etc. The person shows rash behaviour, violence, loss of interest in social and other activities. The person becomes a menace for family and society.
Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
People who start taking drugs becomes addicted with the feelings of euphoria and the temporary feeling of well-being associated with their intake. Such things leads to increased consumption and more addiction. Once addicted it is very difficult for a person to get rid of the habit. The discontinuation results in the manifestation of withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal syndrome is characterized by anxiety, shakiness, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, uneasiness, all of which are relieved only on the consumption of the drug. In some cases the withdrawal symptoms may be severe and life threatening. Moreover the psychological dependence makes it very difficult for the individual to get rid of the addiction.
In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
There are several reasons that motivate youngsters towards alcohol or drugs. Curiosity, need for adventure and excitement, experimentation are the initial causes of motivation. Some youngsters start consuming drugs and alcohol in order to overcome negative emotions such as stress, pressure, depression, frustration etc while others do it to be in sync with the modern society or due to peer pressure. Several mediums like television, internet, newspaper, movies etc. are also responsible for promoting the idea of alcohol consumption to the younger generation.
The measures that can be taken to prevent this can be:
(a) Parents should understand their children and be supportive. They should motivate and try to increase the will power of their child.
(b) Parents should educate their children about the ill-effects of alcohol. They should provide them with proper knowledge and counselling regarding the consequences of addiction to alcohol.
(c) Children should be encouraged to devote their energy in other extra- curricular and recreational activities.
(d) Proper professional and medical help should be provided to a child if sudden symptoms of depression and frustration are observed.
How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
(a) Amoebiasis
How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
(b) Malaria
How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
(c) Ascariasis
How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
(d) Pneumonia
Name any two types of cells that act as 'cellular barriers' to provide innate immunity in humans.
Natural killer in the blood and macrophages in the tissues are two types of cells that act as 'cellular barriers' to provide innate immunity in humans.
(a) Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases. Explain 'Contact inhibition' and 'Metastasis' with respect to the disease.
(b) Name the group of genes that have been identified in normal cells that could lead to cancer. How do these genes cause cancer?
(c) Name any two techniques that are useful in detecting cancers of internal organs.
(d) Why are cancer patients often given I interferon as part of the treatment?
(a) Normal cells have the property of contact inhibition (stoppage of growth on coming in contact with other cells) but cancer cells lose this property. As a result, cancer cells divide continuously to give rise to a mass of cells (tumours). Metastasis- This property is exhibited by malignant tumours. It is the pathological process of spreading cancerous cells to the different parts of the body. These cells divide uncontrollably, forming a mass of cells called tumour. From the tumour, some cells get sloughed off and enter the blood stream. From the blood stream, these cells reach distant parts of the body and therefore, initiate the formation of new tumours by dividing actively.
(b) Cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto-oncogenes are the group of genes that have been identified in normal cells. These genes when activated under certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells.
(c) Techniques such as radiography, CT (Computed Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) are useful to detect cancers of internal organs.
(d) The biological response modifiers such as I interferon are given to cancer patients as part of their treatment because it activates a patient's immune system and helps in destroying the tumour.
Indiscriminate diagnostic practices using X-rays etc., should be avoided. Give one reason.
X-rays are ionizing radiations that have adverse effects like they increase the chances of cancer by causing mutations.
A team of students are preparing to participate in the interschool sports meet. During a practice session you find some vials with labels of certain cannabinoids.
(a) Will you report to the authorities? Why?
(b) Name of a plant from which such chemicals are obtained.
(c) Write the effect of these chemicals on human body.
(a) Yes, I would report the matter to the authorities because cannabinoids are classified under drugs and drug abuse is illegal.
(b) Cannabinoids can be obtained from a plant called Cannabis sativa.
(c) The cannabinoids bind to cannabinoid receptors present in the brain and affect the cardiovascular system.
Why sharing of injection a needle between two individuals is not recommended?
Sharing of injection needles between two individuals is not recommended because it may lead to the transmission of HIV-infection and cause AIDS.
A student on a school trip started sneezing and wheezing soon after reaching the hill station for no explained reasons. But, on return to the plains, the symptoms disappeared. What is such a response called? How does the body produce it?
The response is called allergy. Allergy is an exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens (allergens) present in the environment. It is due to production of IgE type antibodies against allergens and the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from mast cells.
Write the function of adenosine deaminase enzyme. State the cause of ADA deficiency in humans. Mention a possible permanent cure for ADA deficiency patient.
Adenosine deaminase enzyme is very important for the functioning of immune system. ADA deficiency is due to deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase.
Possible permanent cure for the deficiency is gene therapy. In gene therapy the lymphocytes from the blood of the patients are grown in a culture outside the body. Then a functional ADA cDNA using a retroviral vector is introduced into the cultured lymphocytes. The lymphocytes are then returned to the patient’s body. If the genes isolated from the bone marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into the cells at an early embryonic stage the cure can be permanent.(a) Why are the fruit juices bought from market clearer as compared to those made at home?
(b) Name the bioactive molecules produced by Trichoderma polysporum and Monascus purpureus.
(a) The fruit juices available in the market are clarified by treating them with the enzymes like- pectinases and proteases, so they are clearer as compared to those made at home.
(b) The bioactive molecules produced by:
Trichoderma polysporum is - immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A.
Monascus purpureus - is blood cholesterol lowering agents called Statins.
Describe the asexual and sexual phases of life cycle of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans.
Asexual and sexual phases of life cycle of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans.
Plasmodium requires two hosts to complete its life cycle.
ii. When female Anopheles mosquito bites a healthy human being, it releases Plasmodium, which lives in its body as sporozoite (infectious form).
iii. The parasites multiply (asexual reproduction) in the liver cells and finally burst the liver cells. Sporozoites are released in blood.
iv. Parasites enter RBCs and further multiply (asexual reproduction) here and finally burst RBCs also.
v. Bursting of RBCs is accompanied by release of a toxic substance called haemozoin (associated with fever and chills).
vi. In the RBCs, only sporozoites change into gametocytes (sexual stage). Gametocytes multiply.
vii When the diseased person is bitten by a female Anopheles mosquito, gametocytes are introduced into the mosquito.
vii Gametocytes fertilise and develop inside the intestine of mosquito to form sporozoites.
ix. Sporozoites are stored in the salivary glands of mosquito and are released into the healthy person who is bitten by this mosquito.
How does smoking tobacco in human lead to oxygen deficiency in their body?
Smoking increases carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood and reduces the concentration of haembound oxygen. This causes oxygen deficiency in the body.
(a) Highlight the role of thymus as a lymphoid organ.
(b) Name the cells that are released from the above-mentioned gland. Mention how they help in immunity.(a) Thymus being the primary lymphoid organ provides the micro-environment for the maturation of the T-lymphocytes.
(b) T- cells are released from the thymus. The T-lymphocytes help the B-cells to produce antibodies. They mediate the CMI (cell-mediated immunity)Why do clown fish and sea anemone pair up? What is this relationship called?
Clown fish pairs up with the sea anemone to get protection from the predators. The relationship is called commensalism because only the fish is benefited from the pairing while the sea-anemone is neither benefited nor harmed.
Name of parasite the causes filariasis in humans. Mention its two diagnostic symptoms. How is this transmitted to others?
Filaria is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi.
Diagnostic symptoms:
The disease majorly affects the lymphatic system of the lower limbs that causes inflammation of the organs. The genital organs are also affected, resulting in gross deformities.
Transmission: The pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person through the bite by the female mosquito vectors.
Study a part of the life cycle of malarial parasite given below. Answer the questions that follow: 
(a) Mention the roles of A in the life cycle of the malarial parasite.
(b) Name the event C and the organ where this event occurs.
(c) Identify the organ B and name the cells being released from it.(a) A in the image represents the female mosquito. The female mosquito takes up the gametocytes of the malarial parasite along with the blood meal when it bites an infected person.
(b) The event 'C' is the fertilization stage and it takes place in the intestine of the mosquito.
(c) The organ 'B' is the salivary gland of the mosquito and the sporozoites escape out of the mosquito's salivary gland.Write the scientific names of the causal organisms of elephantiasis and ringworm in humans. Mention the body parts affected by them.
Elephantiasis:
Casual organism: Wuchereria bancrofti
Body part affected: Lymphatic vessels of lower limbs
Ringworm:
Casual organism: Belong to the genus Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton
Body part affected: Skin
Write the source and the effect on the human body of the following drugs:
(i) Morphine
(ii) Cocaine
(iii) Marijuana
The source and effect of the following drugs are:
(i) Morphine:
Source- latex of poppy plants (Papaver somniferum)
Effect- It is a depressant; slows down body functions
(ii) Cocaine:
Source: Coca plant Erythroxylum coca, found in South America Effect: Stimulates the CNS, producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy; excessive dosages cause hallucination.
(iii) Marijuana:
Source: Inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa
Effect: Affects the cardiovascular system.A heavily bleeding and bruised road accident victim was brought to a nursing home. The doctor immediately gave him an injection to protect him against a deadly disease.
(a) Write what did the doctor inject into the patient's body.
(b) How do you think this injection would protect the patient against the disease?
(c) Name the disease against which this injection was given and the kind of immunity it provides.
Why is secondary immune response more intense than the primary immune response in human?
Secondary immune response is more intense than the primary immune response because our body appears to have memory of the first encounter that recognize the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with a massive production of antibodies.
List the symptoms of Ascariasis. How does a healthy person acquire this infection?
The symptoms of ascariasis include internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia and blockage of intestinal passage.
A healthy person can acquire the disease through contaminated water, food, fruits etc.Community Service department of your school plan a visit to a slum area near the school with an objective to educate the slum dwellers with respect to health and hygiene.
(a)Why is there a need to organize such visits?
(b)Write the steps you will highlight, as a member of this department, in your interaction with them to enable them to lead a healthy life.(a) Need to Organize Community Service Department to visit a slum area is to create awareness about disease and their effects on the body and health & hygiene.
(b) The steps we will highlight, as a member of this department, in our interaction with them to enable them to lead a healthy life will be:
(i) explaining them the importance of healthy life and that healthy people more efficient at work
(ii) Health also increases productivity, economy, longevity and reduces infants & maternal mortality
(iii) To make them aware of the various disease & their effect vaccination proper disposal of waste, control of vector & maintenance of hygienic environment.
(iv) Teach them that about proper disposal of waste, control of vectors like mosquitoes, importance of hygienic food and drinking, balanced diet etc.
(a) Name the group of viruses responsible for causing AIDS in humans. Why are these viruses so named?
(b) List any two ways of transmission of HIV infection in humans, other than sexual contact.
a) AIDS is caused by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV), a member of a group of viruses called retroviruses. These viruses are called retrovirus because they consist of RNA genome enclosed by the envelope which is capable forming DNA from RNA by the process of reverse transcription inside the host cell.
(b) Other than sexual contact, transmission of HIV infection in humans could also occur by
(1) Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
(2) From infected mother to her child through placenta.
Microsporum and Trichophyton are the two fungus that are responsible for ringworms. Symptoms include appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp with intense itching. The fungus are generally found in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes because the heat and moisture help in these organs help these fungi to grow and thrive.
(a) Tobacco plants are damaged severely when infested with Meloidegyne incognitia. Name and explain the strategy that is adopted to stop this infestation.
(b) Name the vector used for introducing the nematode specific gene in tobacco plant.(a) RNA interference or RNAi is a method adopted to prevent infestation of roots of tobacco plants by a nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The method involves silencing of a specific mRNA by a complementary RNA and the formation of ds RNA. The ds RNA, cannot be translated and its expression is blocked. These RNAi genes can be incorporated into the tobacco plant through vectors. The source of this complementary RNA could be from an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or mobile genetic elements (transposons) that replicate via an RNA intermediate. Since the dsRNA cannot be transcribed thus the parasite cannot survive and the plant is protected from it.
(b) Agrobacterium vectors are used for introducing nematode specific genes into the tobacco plant. The DNA is introduced in such a way that it produces both sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. The two RNA’s being complementary to each other form double stranded (dsRNA) that initiates RNAi and thus, silences the specific mRNA, of the nematode. The consequence was that the parasite could not survive in a transgenic host expressing specific interfering RNA. The transgenic plant therefore got itself protected from the parasite.
Name the calls HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) gains entry into after infecting the human body. Explain the events that occur in these cells.
After infecting the human body the HIV gains entry into the macrophages.
Events that occur in the cells:
i. The virus enters into macrophages where RNA genome of virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase.
ii. The viral DNA gets incorporated into host cells DNAand directs the infected cell to produce virus particles.
iii. The macrophage continue to produce virus and in this way acts like a HIV factory.
iv. The HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytos (TH ), replicates and produce progeny viruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attacks other helper T-helper lymphocytes. This is repeated heading to a progressive decrease in the number of helper
v. TH lymphocytes in the body of infected person. During this period the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss.
vi. The decrease in the number of the T helper cells leads to infections as the immune system of the person becomes weak.
It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chicken - pox in their childhood may not contract the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons the basis of such an immunity in an individual. Name this kind of immunity.
When a host is exposed to antigens. which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins. antibodies are produced in the host body, this type of immunity is called active immunity. Active immunity is slow and takes some time to have its full effect. Children who had suffered from chicken pox in their childhood. may not contract the same disease in their adulthood because they have developed antibody to chicken pox virus. The active memory has memory and initiates a heightened response during the second encounter with the disease causing agent. Te second response is powerful and is quick in acting against the disease. Thu s it provides protection against the same disease as the body already has some antibodies against it.
What are interferons ? Mention their role.
Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons.
The interferons protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Name the causative organism of the disease amoebiasis. List three symptoms of the disease.
The Causative agent of amoebiasis is Entamoeba histolytica.
The symptoms of the disease amoebiasis are :
i. Constipation
ii. Abdominal pain and cramps.
iii. Stools with excess mucous and blood clots.
Prior to a sports event blood and urine samples of sports-persons are collected for drug tests.
(a) Why is there a need to conduct such tests/
(b) Name the drugs the authorities usually look for.
(c) Write the generic names of two plants from which these drugs are obtained.
(a) Ther is need to conduct tests like bllod and urine test because some sportspersons resort to unfair practices to enhance their performance. Often the sportsperson take drugs like narcotics analgesics, anabolic steroids, diuretics and certain hormones in sports to increase muscle strength and performance. The blood test and urine test usually indicates whetehr the person has taken any drugs or not and thus ensures fair play.
(b) The authorities should look for narcotics analgesics, anabolic steroids, diuretics, certain hormones - gonadotropins. Opiate-like drugs, e.g. Vicodin, Percocet or OxyContin, and cannabinoids.
(c) Generic names of the plants from which drugs are obtained are as follows:
Smack or Heroin commonly called as Papaver somniferum -
Ganja, Marijuana obtained from Cannabis sativa.
Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.
| Benign tumors | Malignant tumors |
| Benign tumors are those tumors that remain confined to their original location and do not spread. | Malignant tumors are those which invade the surrounding cells and travel to distant sites along with blood and start a new tumor where they get lodged. |
| Slow and cause less damage. | Rapid action and causes more damage. |
(i) Write the scientific names of the two species of filarial worms causing filariasis.
(ii) How do they affect the body of infected person(s)?
(iii) How does the disease spread?
(i) Filariasis is caused by organism called Wuchereria, two principal species belonging to this category are
Wuchereria bancrofti and
Wuchereria malayi
(ii) Filarial worm remain in the body for a long time and cause chronic inflammation. They inhabit the lymphatic vessels of lower limbs resulting in the swelling of lower limbs and the disease is called elephantiasis or filariasis. Genital organ also gets affected resulting in deformities in its shape and size.
(iii) Transmission of idisease generally occurs through bite of female mosquito vectors.
Suggest a method to ensure an anamnestic response in humans.
Anamnestic response is the quick and intense response which occurs when an individual encounters a particular antigen for the second time. It is aided by the memory of primary response stored by B-cells. By the administration of a dead or attenuated pathogen in the body of person, a secondary immune response can be ensured due to the presence of memory cells in the body.
What is biopiracy?
Biopiracy refers to the use of bioresources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from people and countries concerned.
A mature embryo sac in a flowering plant may possess 7-cells, but 8-nuclei. Explain with the help of a diagram only.
A typical angiospermic embryo sac is 8-nucleated and 7-celled.
Mention the evolutionary significance of the following organisms:
The evolutionary significance of given organisms are as
follows:
(a) Shrews The first mammals. These were long tailed, insectivorous, squirrel-like organisms. They gave rise to primitive primates. For example, leones, tarsiers at the beginning of the Palaeocene era.
(b) Lobefins The first amphibians. Modern day frogs and salamanders have evolved from them.
(c) Homo habilis The first human-like primates, lived in Africa about 2 million years ago. They had brain capacity of 700 cc. Also called handy man as they were first and most skillful tool makers.
(d) Homo erectus They appeared after Homo habilis, 1.7million years ago. They had large brain capacities, i.e. 800-1100 cc and were omnivores.
In an agricultural field, there is a prevalence of the following organisms and crop diseases which are affecting the crop yield badly:
(a) White rust (b) Leaf and stripe rust
(c) Black rot (d) Jussids
Recommend the varieties of crops the farmers should grow to get rid of the existing problem and thus, improve the crop yield.
Normal varieties of crops are prone to infection by various pathogens which lead to poor growth of crops. To get rid of existing problems, the farmers should grow improved hybrid varieties as these are mostly resistant to most pathogens and give higher yield.
Crop disease - Hybrid variety
(a) White rust - Pusa Swarnim
(b) Leaf and stripe rust - Himgiri
(c) Black rot Pusa - Shubhra
(d) Jussids Pusa - Sem 3
(a) What precaution(s) would you recommend to a patient requiring repeated blood transfusion?
(b) If the advise is not followed by the patient there is an apprehension that the patient might contract a disease that would destroy the immune system of his/her body. Explain with the help of schematic diagram only how the immune system would get affected and destroyed.
(a) Repeated blood transfusion may result in contracting diseases like AIDS. The recipient must ensure that the donor’s blood is being screened for HIV and other pathogens.
(b) In the absence of such measures, the patient can get infected by HIV (Human Immmunodeficiency Virus) which causes AIDS. It is a threatening disorder that weakens the immune system by attacking helper T-cells in the body.
A schematic diagram showing the cycle of proliferation and effects of retrovirus (HIV) in infected person is as follows :
Give any four causes of cancer.
Mention the causative agent and the preventive measures for the following:
Dengue
Causative agent - Aedes aegypti as a vector for flavivirus
Preventive Measure - use insect repellants
Mention the causative agent and the preventive measures for the following:
Amoebaiasis
Causative Agent - Entameoba histoytica
Preventive measures - Proper sanitation
Briefly discuss the reasons for addiction to alcohol.
Main reasons for addiction to alcohol:
1. Stressful environment
2. Family history
3. Peer pressure
4. As an escape from realities of life
Mention one application for each of the following : (a) Passive immunization (b) Antihistamine (c) Colostrum (d) Cytokinin-barrier
(a) Passive Immunization : - When ready made antibodies are introduced into the body, it is called as passive immunization. It provides quick immune response in body.
(b) Anti Histamines : - These are the chemicals which are given against allergic reactions.
(c) Colostrum : - It is the yellow fluid produced during the initial days of lactation. It is rich in antibodies and is necessary to develop resistance in a new born baby.
(d) Cytokinin-Barrier : - is Interferon. These are the glycoproteins which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Name a human disease, its causal organism, symptoms (any three) and vector, spread by intake of water and food contaminated by human faecal matter.
Amoebic dysentry [Amoebiasis]
* Causal Organism : - Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoa.
* Symptoms : - (a) Abdominal pain (b) Constipation (c) Cramps.
* Vector : - Housefly.
How do cytokine barriers provide innate immunity in humans?
Cytokine inhibits viral replication. They form an innate immune system by forming physical barriers.
Cytokine barriers: Virus-infected cells secretes proteins call interferons which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Name two diseases whose spread can be controlled by the eradication of Aedes mosquitoes.
Dengue and Chikungunya are the two disease whose spread can be controlled by the eradication of Aedes mosquitoes.
Name the source plants of heroin drug. How is it obtained from the plants?
Papaver somniferum is the source plant of heroin drug. This is obtained by Acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from the latex of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).
Write the effects of heroin on the human body.
Heroin is depressant and slow down body functions.
Peyer's patches produce
mucus
trypsin
lymphocytes
enterokinase
C.
lymphocytes
Peyer's patches are found in ileum and made up of lymph nodes. These are aggregates of lymphocytes where B cells from a central follicle and are surrounded by T-cells and macrophages which help the T-cells to recognise Antigen Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) is made up of Peyer's patches.
Match column1 and column2 and select the correct options from codes given below.
Column1 Column2
A. Pigments 1) Abrin, ricin
B. Toxin 2) Concanavalin A
C. Alkaloid 3) Carotenoids A
D. Lectins 4) Morphine, codeine
A-(4), B-(3), c-(1), D-(2)
A-(2), B-(4), c-(1), D-(3)
A-(3), B-(1), c-(4), D-(2)
A-(1), B-(2), c-(3), D-(4)
C.
A-(3), B-(1), c-(4), D-(2)
Carotenoids are a group of yellow, brown to reddish pigments. there are of two types- carotene and xanthophylls, and serve as accessory [hotosynthetic pigments. Abrin and rincin are natural protein toxins isolated from plant seeds. Concanavalin A is a lectin (carbohydrate binding protein) originally extracted from the jack- bean, Canavalia ensiformis. Morphine and codeine are the alkaloids derived from opium, and are called as opioid narcotics.
Asthma may be attributed to
allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs
inflammation of the trachea
accumulation of fluid in the lungs
bacterial infection of the lungs
A.
allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs
Asthma is an allergic reaction characterised by spasm of bronchi muscles because of effect of histamine released by mast cells.
In higher vertebrates, the immune system can distinguish self-cells and non-self. If this property is lost due to genetic abnormality and it attacks self-cells, then it leads to
graft rejection
auto-immune disease
active immunity
allergic response
B.
auto-immune disease
When the immune system cannot differentiate between self and non-self cells then the immune system attcks and destroys the self cells and this is called auto-immunity.
Name the chronic respiratory disorder caused by cigarette smoking
asthma
respiratoty disease
respiratory alkalosis
emphysema
D.
emphysema
Emphysema is characterised by inflation or distention of alveoli by dissolution of wall of the two adjacent lung alveoli.
Antivenom injection contains preformed antibodies while polio drops that are administered into the body contain
harvested antibodies
gamma globulin
attenuated pathogens
activated pathogens
C.
attenuated pathogens
The oral polio vaccines consists of attenuated pathogens.
Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by
drinking water containing egg of Ascaris
eating imperfectly cooked port
tse -tse fly
mosquito bite
A.
drinking water containing egg of Ascaris
Infection of Ascaris occurs in a healthy person due to contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc., Mosquitos bite causes malaria due to the entry to Plasmodium parasite into the blood. Eating imperfectly cooked pork causes trichinosis disease (parasitic disease). Tse- tse fly cause trypanosomiasis, on infection of the central nervous system.
Which of the following immunoglobulins does constitute the largest percentage in human milk?
lgD
lgM
lgA
lgG
C.
lgA
All types of immunoglobulin are found in human milk. Out of these secretory IgA, a type of immunoglobuin that protects the ears, nose, throat and the gastrointestinal tract, is founded largest amount.
Which one of the following fungi contains hallucinogens?
Morchella esculenta
Amanita muscaria
Neurospora sp.
Ustilago sp.
C.
Neurospora sp.
Amanita muscaria is fungus is known for its hallucinogenic properties with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound (muscimol).
If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence?
Fibrinogin in plasma
Serum albumins
Haemocytes
Serum globulins
D.
Serum globulins
Globulin is one of the protein found in serum and it includes proteins, enzymes, complement and immunoglobins (antibody)
That's why, if major deficiency of antibodies is suspected in a person, the globulins in serum is tested as the confirmatory evidence.
Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to
Humoral immune response
Cell-mediated immune response
Passive immune response
Innate immune response
B.
Cell-mediated immune response
Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to the cell-mediated immune response that is mediated by T-lymphocytes. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'non-self'. Therefore, tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppressants all his/her life.
Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan?
Syphilis
Influenza
Babesiosis
Blastomycosis
C.
Babesiosis
Babesiosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with Babesia bigemina, a genus of protozoa piroplasms.
Syphilis - Treponema pallidum (bacterium)
Influenza - Influenza virus
Blastomycosis - Blastomyces dermatitidis (fungus)
Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in
Human RBCs
Human liver
Gut of female Anopheles
Salivary glands of Anopheles
C.
Gut of female Anopheles
When female Anopheles, sucks the blood of an infected person, the gametocytes of plasmodium are picked up by the mosquito. Now sexual reproduction of Plasmodium occurs inside mosquito. The outer envelope of gametocyte is dissolved and its contents are liberated into the cavity of gut. These content undergo gametogony, i.e., formation of microgametes and macroagamete. The nuclei of both fuse and a synkaryon or zygote is formed. This zygote is motionless and spherical for sometime and vermiform very soon. Now, it is called vermicule or ookinete. Ookinete pierces the stomach wall and forms a cyst(oocyst) on its outer surface which has about 1000 sporozoites. The latter pass into salivary glands of the mosquito.
Widal test is carried out to test
malaria
diabetes mellitus
HIV/AIDS
typhoid fever
D.
typhoid fever
Widal test is one of the most over utilized diagnostic tests for typhoid fever in developing countries ever since its introduction over 100 years ago. This test demonstrates the presence of somatic (O) and flagellar (H) agglutinins to Salmonella typhi in the patients serum using suspensions of O and H antigens. Antigens of S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B are included in most commercial kits.
Common cold differs from pneumonia in that
pneumonia is a communicable disease whereas the common cold is a nutritional deficiency disease
Pneumonia can be prevented by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the common cold has no effective vaccine
Pneumonia is caused by a virus while the common cold is caused by the bacterium haemophilus influenzae
Pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas the common cold affects nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs
B.
Pneumonia can be prevented by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the common cold has no effective vaccine
Pneumonia is a caused by the bacteria Diplococcus pneumoniae which infects the alveoli of lungs. It generally spreads through the sputum of patient. Fever, cold and difficulty in breathing are some common symptoms of pneumonia.
Common cold is caused by a variety of viruses, most commonly by rhinovirus (RNA virus), It spreads through droplet infection. It affects the upper respiratory tract but not the lungs. Nasal and bronchial irritation, sneezing and coughing are some common symptoms of cold.
Cirrhosis of liver is caused by the chronic intake of
opium
alcohol
tobacco(chewing)
cocaine
B.
alcohol
The chronic intake of alcohol may be fatal for the individual. On intake, a part of alcohol is changed to acetaldehyde which causes hangover. Acetaldehyde stimulates formation of fat which is deposited on artery walls (causing coronary ailments) and in the liver (causing fatty liver syndrome). Gradually, the liver hardens and dries up as its cells are replaced by fibrous tissue. This kind of liver degeneration is called liver cirrhosis (Laennec's cirrhosis). Excessive use of alcohol may also lead liver failure, liver cell carcinoma, etc.
At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person
When the infected retro virus enters host cells
When HIV damages large number of helper T-Lymphocytes
When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase
C.
When HIV damages large number of helper T-Lymphocytes
AIDS symptoms appear in the most advanced stage of HIV disease. Some people shows HIV symptom shortly but it usually takes more than 10 years HIV attacks T- helper cells which regulate both hormonal and cellular immunity). This causes their depletion due to which patients immune system becomes very weak.
Read the following four statements:
1. Colostrum is recommended for the new born because it is rich in antigens.
2. Chikengunya is caused by a Gram negative bacterium.
3. Tissue culture has proved useful in obtaining virus-free plants.
4. Beer is manufactured by distillation of fermented grape juice.
How many of the above statements are wrong?
Two
Three
Four
One
B.
Three
Antibodies are present in colostrum. IgA is the major immunoglobulin in colostrum (the first milk secreted by nursing mother).
Meristem culture is the cultivation of apical meristem under tissue culture for obtaining virus free plants.
Beer contains 3-6% alcohol and is obtained from barley (Hordeum vulgare). While wine is obtained from grapes.
Chickengunya is caused by alphavirus.
Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plant whose one flowering branch is shown below?
Hallucinogen
Depressant
Stimulant
Pain - killer
A.
Hallucinogen
This plant diagram (picture) is datura which has hallucinogenic properties. Hallucinogens are also known as psychedelics. These drugs have a strong effect on cerebrum and sense organs and take the user to a world of fantasy giving him false and temporary happiness. Normally, these drugs are given to the patients suffering from depression, insemnia mental illness etc.
Which one of the following sets of items in the options 1 - 4 are correctly categorised with one exception in it?
| Items | Category | Exception |
| UAA, UAG, UGA | Stop codons | UAG |
| Items | Category | Exception |
| Kangaroo, Koala, Wombat | Australian marsupials | Wombat |
| Items | Category | Exception |
| Plasmodium, Cuscuta, Trypanosoma | Protozoan parasites | Cuscuta |
| Items | Category | Exception |
| Typhoid, Pneumonia, Diphtheria | Bacterial diseases | Diphtheria |
C.
| Items | Category | Exception |
| Plasmodium, Cuscuta, Trypanosoma | Protozoan parasites | Cuscuta |
Plasmodium and Trypanosoma are protozoan parasite while Cuscuta is angiospermic parasite. Typhoid, pneumonia and diphtheria are caused by bacteria.
Identify the molecules (a) and (b) shown below and select the right option giving their source and use
| Molecule | Source | Use |
| Coaine | Erythroxylum coca | Accelerates the transport of dopamine |
| Molecule | Source | Use |
| Heroin | Cannabis sativa | Depressant and slows down body functions |
| Molecule | Source | Use |
| Cannabinoid | Atropa belladona | Produces hallucinations |
| Molecule | Source | Use |
| Morphine | Papaver somniferm | Sedative and pain killer |
D.
| Molecule | Source | Use |
| Morphine | Papaver somniferm | Sedative and pain killer |
Cocaine, (C17, H21, NO4) is natural alkaloid obtained from leaves of coca. (Erythroxylon coca). It is powerful CNS stimulant Which induce a sense of well-being, pleasure and delays fatigue.
Morphine (C17 H19O3N) is extracted from Papaver somniferum and relieve pain.
Heroin[C17H17(OC2H3O)2ON] is semi-synthetic opiate. It is about three times more potent than morphine.
Which of the following viruses is not transferred through semen of an infected male?
Hepatitis B virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
Chikungunya virus
Ebola virus
C.
Chikungunya virus
Direct transmission of vectors or disease occurs through sexual contact, exchange of body fluids like blood, semen etc; HIV, hepatitis - B and ebola virus spread through direct contact between individuals while chikungunya is caused by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito, which requires no direct contact with body fluids like blood, semen or salina for its transmission.
Match each disease with its correct type of vaccine:
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Tuberculosis | 1. Harmless virus |
| B. Whooping cough | 2. Inactivated toxin |
| C. Diphtheria | 3. Killed bacteria |
| D. Polio | 4. Harmless bacteria |
C.
CodeHIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying
B- Lymphocytes
Leucocytes
Helper T- Lymphocytes
Thrombocytes
C.
Helper T- Lymphocytes
A certain patient is suspected to be suffering from Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Which diagnostic technique will you recommend for its detection?
MRI
Ultra Sound
WIDAL
ELISA
D.
ELISA
ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), also known as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample. It is a useful tool for determining serum antibody concentrations (such as with the HIV test). The ELISA was the first screening test widely used for HIV because of its high sensitivity.
Which one of the following acts as a physiological barrier to the entry of microorganisms in the human body?
Tears
Monocytes
Skin
Epithelium of urogenital tract
A.
Tears
Physiological barriers to the entry of microorganisms in the human body are tears in eyes, saliva in mouth and HCl in the stomach.The enzymes lysozymes are found in tears and saliva and inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall of microorganisms especially eubacteria.
where will you look for the sporozoites of the malarial parasite?
Red blood corpuscles of humans suffering from malaria
Spleen of infected humans
Salivary glands of freshly moulted female Anopheles mosquito
Saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
D.
Saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
Sporozoite is the infective stage of the malarial parasite. They are present in the saliva of infected female anopheles mosquito.
Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is
caused by a virus
caused by a Gram-positive bacterium
caused by a Gram-negative bacterium
not an infectious disease
A.
caused by a virus
the common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is caused by a virus, called rhinoviruses
Select the correct statements with respect to diseases and immunisation
if due to some reason B and T - lymphocytes are damaged, the body will not produce antibodies against a pathogen
injection of dead/inactivated pathogens causes passive immunity
certain protozoans have been used to mass produce hepatitis B vaccine
injection of snake antivenom against snake bite is an example of active immunisation.
A.
if due to some reason B and T - lymphocytes are damaged, the body will not produce antibodies against a pathogen
The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e, B - lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes, The B- lymphocytes produce an array ( a range) of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies. The T- cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but the help B- cells to produce them.
Select the correct statement from the ones given below
Barbiturates, when given to criminals, make them tell the truth
Morphine is often given to person who has undergone surgery as a pain killer
Chewing tobacco lowers blood pressure and heart rate
Cocaine is given to patients after surgery as it stimulates recovery
B.
Morphine is often given to person who has undergone surgery as a pain killer
Serturner, a pharmacist isolated the active principle of opium in 1806 and named it morphine. Morphine is a phenanthrene opioid receptor against, its main effect is binding to and activation to micro - opioid receptors in the central nervous system. In clinical settings, morphine exerts its principal pharmacological effect on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation.
Ringworm in humans is caused by
Bacteria
fungi
nematodes
viruses
B.
fungi
Ringworm refers to fungal infections that are on the surface of the skin. Although the world is full of yeasts, moulds and fungi, only a few cause skin problems. These agents are called the dermatophytes. Some common dermatophytic fungi are Trichophyton rubrum, T. tensurans, T. interdigitale, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum, Canis and Epidermophyton floccosum.
Widal test is used for the diagnosis of
Malaria
pneumonia
tuberculosis
typhoid
D.
typhoid
Widal test is bacterial agglutination test, originally introduced by Widal for diagnosis of typhoid fever. Widal test is based upon antigen-antibody serological interactions. Typhoid or enteric fever is caused by a Gram - negative bacterium Salmonella commonly found in the human intestine. Infection of typhoid bacteria stimulates the production of immune - specific agglutinins, which are released in blood plasma.
Which one of the following statements is correct with respect to AIDS?
The HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person
Durg addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection
AIDS patients are being fully cured cent percent with proper care and nutrition
The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T- lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.
D.
The causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T- lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a viral disease of the immune system. It is caused by virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In AIDS patients, the virus homes on CD4 + T -cells (helper T - lymphocytes), infecting and killing them until none are left. Without their crucial immune system cells, the body cannot mount a defence against invading bacteria or viruses. AIDS patient dies off infections that a healthy person could fight off.
Infectionus proteins are present in
geminiviruses
prions
viroids
satellite viruses
B.
prions
Prions have a distinct extracellular from but the extracellular form is entirely protein. The prion particle does not contain any nucleic acid.However, it is infectious and prions are known to cause a variety of diseases in animals such scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (BSE or mad cow disease' ) chronic wasting disease in deer and elk and kuru and a form a Creutz Feldt- Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. No prion diseases of plants are known.
Fastest distribution of some injectible material /medicine and with no risk of any kind can be achieved by injecting it into the
muscles
arteries
veins
lymph vessels
C.
veins
Intravenous therapy IV therapy is providing the liquid substances (or medicine) through a drip, directly into the vein. The word intravenous simply means 'within' a vein' compared with other routes of administration, the intravenous root is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. Some medications, as well as blood transfusions and lethal injections, can only be given intravenously.
Which one of the following techniques is safest for the detection of cancer?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Radiography (X -ray)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Histopathological Studies
A.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is non -invasive technique, which uses strong magnetic field and provides information about chemistry, metabolic and biochemical data with a tissue without time-consuming chemical analysis. It is the safest technique for the detection of cancer since it does not utilise radiations and therefore, does not cause any side effect.
The histopathological study is not safe as it is invasive technique while radiography and computed Tomography (CT) use harmful X -rays.
A person suffering from a disease caused by Plasmodium experiences recurring chill and fever at the time when the
sporozoites released from RBCs are being rapidly killed and broken down inside spleen
trophozoites reach maximum growth and give out certain toxins
Parasite after its rapid multiplication inside RBCs ruptures them, releasing the stage to enter fresh RBCs
microgametcytes and megagametocytes are being destroyed by the wBCs
C.
Parasite after its rapid multiplication inside RBCs ruptures them, releasing the stage to enter fresh RBCs
In malaria, chill and fever are due to the release of a toxic substance haemozoin, formed by the breakdown of haemoglobin present in RBCs. It will be released after the rupture of RBCs in erythrocytic schizogony.
Which one of the following cannot be used for the preparation of vaccines against plague?
Formalin - inactivated suspensions of virulent bacteria
Avirulent live bacteria
Synthetic capsular polysaccharide material
Heat-killed suspensions of virulent bacteria
C.
Synthetic capsular polysaccharide material
Synthetic capsular polysaccharide vaccines are available for the treatment of pneumonia and meningitis. Vaccines against plague are prepared from the suspensions of attenuated or heat-killed virulent bacteria or avirulent live bacteria.
A health disorder that results from the deficiency of thyroxin in adults and characterised by
(i) a low metabolic rate
(ii) increase in body weight
(iii) tendency to retain water in tissue is
hypthyroidism
simple goitre
myxoedema
cretinism
C.
myxoedema
Myxoedema (Gulls disease) occurs due to the deficiency of thyroxine in adults, it causes low BMR (by 30-40%), low body temperature, tendency to retain water in tissue, reduced heart rate, pulse rate, blood pressure and cardiac output, low sugar and iodine level in blood, muscular weakness and oedema (accumulation of interstitial fluid that causes the facial tissues to swell and look fluffy).
When breast feeding is replaced by nutritive food in proteins and calories; the infants below the age of one year are likely to suffer from
marasmus
rickets
kwashiorkor
pellagra
A.
marasmus
Prolonged starvation causes marasmus due to a generalised wasting of the body because of both energy and protein deficiency. The body becomes lean and weak, eyes depressed and skin wrinkled.
Which of the following is a pair of viral diseases?
Ringworm, AIDS
common cold, AIDS
Dysentery, common cold
Typhoid, tuberculosis
B.
common cold, AIDS
Common cold and AIDS are viral diseases, occur due to myxovirus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) respectively.
The causative agents of ringworm disease are fungi Trichophyton and Microsporum.
Typhoid and tuberculosis are bacterial diseases caused by salmonella typhi and mycobacterium tuberculosis respectively.
Alzheimer disease in humans is associated with the deficiency of
dopamine
glutamic acid
acetylcholine
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
C.
acetylcholine
Alzheimer disease in humans is associated with the deficiency of acetylcholine.Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive disorder, in which brain cells (neurones) deteriorate, resulting in the loss of cognitive functions, primarily memory judgement and reasoning, movement coordination and pattern recognition. In advanced stages of the disease, all memory and mental functioning may be lost.
Use of antihistamines and steroids give a quick relief from
allergy
nausea
cough
Headache
A.
allergy
Allergy is the hypersensitiveness of a person to some foreign substances coming in contact with or entering the body. The common allergens are dust, pollen mould, spores, fabricates, bacteria, etc. During an allergic reaction, there is increased the release of histamine from mast cells. Use of antihistamines and from mast cells. Use of antihistamine and steroids give a quick relief from allergy.
Which one is the wrong pairing for the disease and its causal organism?
Late blight of potato - Alternaria solani
Black rust of wheat - puccinia graminis
Loose smut of wheat - Ustilago nuda
Root-knot of vegetables- Meloidogyne sp.
A.
Late blight of potato - Alternaria solani
The causative agent of late blight of potato is fungus Phytophthora infestans, class- Oomycetes, order- Peronosporales, family-pythaiceae. In India, the late blight of potato is a seed born disease.
Which one of the following statements is correct?
Patients, who had undergone surgery are given cannabinoids to relieve pain
Benign tumours show the property of metastasis
Heroin accelerates body functions
Malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis
D.
Malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis
Malignant tumour first grows slowly. No symptoms are noticed. This stage is called the latent stage. The tumour later grows quickly. The cancer cells go beyond adjacent tissue and enter the blood and lymph. Once this happens, they migrate to many other sites in the body, where the cancer cells continue to divide. It is metasis. Only maligant tumours are properly designated as cancer.
A transgenic food crop, which may help in solving the problem of night blindness in developing countries is
Flavr savr tomatoes
Starlink maize
Bt soybean
Golden rice
D.
Golden rice
Vitamin -A deficiency causes night blindness among children. Vitamin - A deficiency often occurs where rice is the staple food since rice grain does not contain Beta carotene. Three transgenic providing phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotene desaturase and lycopene cyclase activities were transferred into rice by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The resulting transgenic rice popularly called golden rice contains good quantities of Beta-carotene.
Flavr savr is genetically modified tomato, which remains fresh and retains their flavour much longer than normal tomato due to blocking of synthesis of fruit softening enzyme polygalacturonase.
Consider the following four measure (A-D) that could be taken to successfully grow chickpea in an area where bacterial blight disease is common
A) spray with Bordeaux mixture
B) control of the insect vector of the disease pathogen
C) Use of only disease-free seeds
D) Use of varieties resistant to the disease
Which two fo the above measures can control the disease?
B and C
A and B
C and D
A and D
C.
C and D
Bacterial blight of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is caused by bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. They ejected tissue collapse and are digested by bacteria. The rapid spread of bacterial infection occurs through vascular strand. The stems and leaves of infected plant give blighted or burnt up appearance. Control measures include rogueing; 3- year crop rotation, disease free seeds, a spray of copper fungicides and antibiotics besides showing disease resistant varieties.
Bordeaux mixture is a most common fungicide, it was first discovered by Millardet in 1882 at the university of Bordeaux France to control downy mildew of grapes. It is prepared by mixing copper sulphate, lime and water in the ration of 4: 4: 50.
Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug specified
Hashish cause alter thought perceptions and hallucinations
Opium stimulates nervous system and cause hallucinations
Morphine leds to delusions and disturbed emotions
Barbiturates
A.
Hashish cause alter thought perceptions and hallucinations
Charas is the dried resinous extract from the flowering tops and leaves of Cannabis Sativa. In some countries, it is called hashish. It is an hallucinogen, which alters a person's thought, feeling and perceptions.
Psychotropic drugs (mood altering drugs) act on the brain and alter the behaviour, consciousness and power of perception. Barbiturates (derivative of barbituric acid) are general depressants for all excitable cells but the CNS is most sensitive to these drugs.
Opium is obtained from unripe seed pots of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). Optimum has an analgesic (pain killing) effect and may also reduce anxiety and tension and lowers the blood pressure and breathing rate.
Morphine ( a dream inducing derivative of opium) dream-inducing properties.
To which type of barriers under innate immunity, do the saliva in the mouth and the tears the eyes, belong?
Cytokine barriers
cellular barriers
Physiological barriers
physical barriers
C.
Physiological barriers
Innate immunity is the resistance to infection, which an individual possess by virtue of his/her genetic and constitutional makeup. Thus, it comprises all those defence elements with which an individual is born and , which are always available to protect a living body. Physiological barriers like body temperature, pH of the body fluid, and various body secretions (saliva, tears) prevent the growth of many disease causing micro-organisms.
Skin is the physical barrier of the body. Its outer tough layer the stratum corneum pervents the entry of bacteria and viruses.
Human insulin is being commericially produced from a transgenic species of
Escherichia
Mycobacterium
Rhizobium
Saccharomyces
A.
Escherichia
In 1983 an American company Eli Lily produced the first genetically engineered insulin by first synthesizing two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B insulin chains. The two DNA sequences or genes were made to fuse wit plasmids of Escherichia coli and alter allowed to form insulin chains.
Rhizobium is a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore forming symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium. It is an acute bacterial infection of the lungs lymph and meninges.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known as Baker's Yeast and Saccharomyces ellipsoids is wine yeast a these are used in baking and brewing industry respectively.
Ascaris is characterised by
the absence of true coelom but the presence of metamerism
the presence of neither true coelom nor metamerism
the presence of true coelom but the absence of metamerism
the presence of true coelom and metamerism (memorisation)
B.
the presence of neither true coelom nor metamerism
Ascaris is an endoparasite of man. It inhabits the small intestine more frequently of children than of adults. the body is elongate, cylindrical and gradually tapering at both ends. There is no metameric segmentation. In Ascaris between the body wall and Visceral organs is a spacious fluid filled cavity. This cavity is not true coelom as it is not lined by coelomic epithelium, has no relation with reproductive and excretory organs and develops from blastocoel. This body cavity is referred pseudocoel.
If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence?
Serum albumins
Serum globulins
Fibrinogen in the plasma
Haemocytes
B.
Serum globulins
Antibodies also called immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins. These are secreted by activated B-cells or plasma cells.
The 'blue baby' syndrome results from
excess of chloride
methaemoglobin
excess of dissolved oxygen
excess of TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
B.
methaemoglobin
The disease 'blue baby syndrome' result from methaemoglobin. The main cause of this disease are the nitrate fertilizers on soil which enter the human body through water and converted to nitrites by microbial flora of intestine. The nitrites combine with haemoglobin to form methaemoglobin causing methaemoglobinaemia in adults and blue baby syndrome in newly borne babies or infants.
A person showing unpredictable moods, outbursts of emotion, quarrelsome behaviour and conflicts with others is suffering from
schizophrenia
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
mood disorders
addictive disorders
A.
schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is any of a group of severe mental disorders that have in common, symptoms as hallucinations, delusions, blunted emotions, disordered thinking and a withdrawl from reality.
Mast cells secrete
hippurin
myoglobin
histamine
haemoglobin
C.
histamine
Histamine is a protein, acting as a vasodilator (widening of blood vessels) in inflammatory and allergic reactions and also increases the permeability of small vessels. It is secreted from the mast cells which widely occur in the aerolar connective tissue.
Two other active substances secreted by mast cells are Heparin, a proteoglycan, which prevents coagulation of blood vessels and serotonin, a protein, which acts as vasoconstrictor to stop bleeding and to increase blood pressure.
HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying
B-lymphocytes
leucocytes
thrombocytes
helper T-lymphocytes
D.
helper T-lymphocytes
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (Human immuno deficiency virus). T4 lymphocytes are the principal target cells of HIV.
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
Psoriasis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Vitiligo
Alzheimer's disease
D.
Alzheimer's disease
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced against the synovial membrane and cartilage.
Vitiligo causes white patches on skin also characterised as the autoimmune disorder.
Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes itchy or sore patches of thick red skin and is also autoimmune.
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder due to deficiency of neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
In which disease does mosquito-transmitted pathogen cause chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels?
Elephantiasis
Ascariasis
Amoebiasis
Ringworm disease
A.
Elephantiasis
Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a human disease caused by parasitic worms known as filarial worms. It is caused by roundworm, Wuchereria bancrofti and it is transmitted by culex mosquito.
Which part of poppy plant is used to obtain the drug “Smack”?
Flowers
Latex
Leaves
Roots
B.
Latex
‘Smack’ also called as brown sugar/Heroin is formed by acetylation of morphine. It is obtained from the latex of unripe capsule of Poppy plant.
Which of the following options correctly represents the lung conditions in asthma and emphysema, respectively?
Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory surface
Increased number of bronchioles;Increased respiratory surface
Decreased respiratory surface;Inflammation of bronchioles
Increased respiratory surface;Inflammation of bronchioles
A.
Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory surface
Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.It is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased.
Note the following features and choose the ones applicable to Wuchereria bancrofti.
II, III, V
II, III,IV
II, IV, VI
I, III, IV
C.
II, IV, VI
Option C is correct. Wuchereria bancrofti commonly called filarial worm is a digenetic, dimorphic, pseudocoelomate, histozoic and pathogenic parasite. It is digenetic because it has two stages of multiplication in two different hots, one sexual in the mature form, the other asexual in larval stages. It is a histozic parasite as it lives in the tissue outside of a cell body.
Humoral immunity is mediated by
R-cells
T-cells
NK-cells
Plasma cells
D.
Plasma cells
Plasma cells play a key role in Humoral immunity (HMI). It activates the secretion of various antibodies (B-cells) against specific antigens entering the body.
Monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies are produced by
T-memory cells
NK- cells
Plasma cells of B-lymphocytes
Memory cells of B-lymphocytes
C.
Plasma cells of B-lymphocytes
Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are particularly produced by plasma cells of B-lymphocytes when combined with myeloma cells on a specific medium. These cells play a key role in specific immunological reactions.
Pellagra is caused by deficiency of vitamins
B5
B2
B6
B1
A.
B5
Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of vitamin-B5. Therefore, vitamin -B5 is also known as an antipellagra factor. symptoms of this disease are the thick pigmented skin of the head, swollen lips and the patient feels irritable.
The effect of cigarette smoking and radon in combination on lungs is
Fatal
Synergistic
Mutualistic
Antagonistic
B.
Synergistic
The effect of cigarette smoking and radon in combination on the lungs is synergistic.
Agar-Agar is produced by
Fungi
Alage
Bacteria
Blue-green algae
B.
Alage
Agar-Agar is obtained from members of Rhodophyceae algae collectively called agarophytes. These include Gelidium Gracillaria etc.
Addiction to alcohol causes
Cirrhosis
Epilepsy
Neurosis
Psychosis
A.
Cirrhosis
In an alcoholic person, some part of alcohol is changed into acetaldehyde, which stimulates the formation of fat. This fat is deposited over the wall of arteries and also accumulates in liver cells. Due to which the liver gets failed and there is very little regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This disorder is known as fatty liver syndrome. Later on, the liver gets turned into a solid, hard, fibrous organ causing liver cirrhosis.
Cells obtained from cancerous tumours are known as
Hybridomas
Myelomas
Lymphocytes
Monoclonal cells
B.
Myelomas
Myeloma is a type of cancer that develops from plasma cells occurring in the bone marrow. It may develop, wherever the plasma cells occur.
AIDS virus contains
RNA with protein
DNA with protein
DNA without protein
bNA only
D.
bNA only
AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is a lentivirus belonging to the family-Retroviridae. The core of this virus contains two single strands of RNA molecules (genetic material) proteins and the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Zero growth means
Natality balance mortality
Natality is more than mortality
Natality is less than mortality
Natality is zero
A.
Natality balance mortality
Zero growth rate means natality .e., birth rate). Balances the mortality i.e., death rate)
Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
Diphtheria – Corynebacerium
Elephantiasis – Wuchereria
Plague – Paramyxo
Lockjaw – Clostridium
C.
Plague – Paramyxo
Plague (black death) is caused by Pasteurella bacteria. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and tetanus (lockjaw) is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, while filariasis (elephantiasis) is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti.
Who received Nobel Prize in 2008 for the discovery of HIV?
Harald Zur Hausen
Luc Montagnier
Jack Szostak
Carol Greider
B.
Luc Montagnier
Luc Montagnier received Nobel Prize in 2008 for the discovery of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which is the cause for AIDS.
Match the following Columns.
| Column I (Disease) | Column II (Related Hormone) |
| A. Cretinism | 1. Glucocorticoid |
| B. Cushing's Syndrome | 2. Testosterone |
| C. Diabetes Insipidus | 3. Thyroid |
| D. Eunuchoidism | 4. ADH |
A – 3; B – 4; C – 1; D – 2
A – 2; B – 3; C – 4; D – 1
A – 3; B – 4; C – 2; D – 1
A – 3; B – 1; C – 4; D – 2
D.
A – 3; B – 1; C – 4; D – 2
Disease and Related Hormones Cretinism- Thyroid Cushing's syndrome - Glucocorticoid Diabetes insipidus - ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) Eunuchoidism - Testosterone.
‘Treponema pallidum’ pathogen is a cause of
Leprosy
Plague
Syphilis
Pertussis
C.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) which is caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria.
Which one of the following antibodies play an important role as mediator in allergic response?
IgE
IgG
IgD
IgA
A.
IgE
Antibody IgE acts as the mediator in an allergic response.
Which one of the following is a matching pair of vector and the disease?
Culex – Filariasis
Housefly – Leprosy
Aedes aegypti – Chickenpox
Sandfly – Cholera
A.
Culex – Filariasis
Culex mosquito is responsible for carrying pathogen of filariasis as the vector. A housefly is a vector for amoebiasis, typhoid, etc. Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector for dengue virus. Sandfly is a vector for kala-azar.
Which one of the following options is not a sexually transmitted disease?
AIDS
Hepatitis-B
Pertussis
Syphilis
C.
Pertussis
Pertussis (a whooping cough) is not a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), while other diseases are transmitted by sexual relationships.
Diphtheria is caused by
Poison released by living bacterial cell into the host
Poison released from the dead bacterial cell into the host
Poison released by the virus into the host
Excessive immune response by the body of the host
A.
Poison released by living bacterial cell into the host
Diphtheria is caused by poison released by living bacterial cell of Corynebacterium diphtheriae into the host body
An occupational lung disease that occurs in humans, among those given below is
Dyspnea
Anthracosis
Atelectasis
Cyanosis
B.
Anthracosis
Anthracosis is an occupational hazard occurring in coal workers.
Due to the inhalation of organic and inorganic pollutants pneumoconiosis occurs. Deposition of fibrous tissue leads to bronchitis and emphysema.
Dyspnea is a distressed breathing.
Atelectasis is the inability of the lungs to expand at birth cyanosis is bluish or violet discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the reduced Hb.
Meniere’s disease is associated with
Ear
Eye
Nose
Throat
A.
Ear
Meniere's disease is named after the French physician Prosper Meniere. It is a chronic disease of the inner ear.
Who received Nobel Prize in 1951 for the development of a vaccine for yellow fever?
Max Theiler
Ronald Ross
Max Delbruck
Francis Peyton Rous
A.
Max Theiler
Max Theiler received Nobel Prize in 1951 for the development of vaccines for yellow fever.
Continuous exposer to vinyl chloride may cause cancer of the
Liver
spleen
vagina
Prostate gland
A.
Liver
Vinyl Chloride is used to make Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) plastic and vinyl products. Long-term exposure to vinyl chloride through inhalation and oral exposer in human result in liver damage or cancer.
Which of the following T-cells and destroyed by HIV?
Cytotoxic T-cells
Killer T-cells
Suppressor T-cells
Helper T-cells
D.
Helper T-cells
HIV attaches to CD4 receptor site to helper T-cells by the help of GP-120 on the protein coat of the virus.
An autoimmune disease is
AIDS
haemophilia
Allergy
Myasthenia Gravis
D.
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterised by the chronic fatigability and weakness of muscles, especially in the face and throat, as a result of a defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction.
The protein products of tumour suppressor gene may
Be present in non-cancerous cells
Cause signal cell death
Regulate the cell cycle
All of the above
A.
Be present in non-cancerous cells
A tumour suppressor gene or anti-oncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. It regulates the cell cycle, causes signal cell death and present is a non-cancerous cell.
In mammals, histamine is secreted by
Fibroblasts
Histocytes
Lymphocytes
Mast cells
D.
Mast cells
Histamine is a potent vasodilator formed by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine and released by mast cells in response to appropriate antigens.
Mast cells which secrete histamine are especially prevalent in the connective tissue of the skin and respiratory tract and in surrounding blood vessels.
Active immunity means
Resistance developed after disease
Increasing quantity of blood
Resistance developed before the disease
Increasing rate of heart beat
A.
Resistance developed after disease
Immunity is described as an active immunity when an organism's own body manufactures its own antibodies. It may be natural (developing when the organism is exposed to an infectious agent) or artificial (achieved by injecting small amount of antigen called vaccine into the body of the individual).
Which of the following is mismatched?
Vitamin K- Beriberi
Vitamin D-Rickets
Vitamin C - Scurvy
Vitamin A-Xerophthalmia
A.
Vitamin K- Beriberi
Beri-beri is caused by the deficiency of vitamin-B (thiamine). Vitamin-K is also known as antihaemorrhagic factor. The main sources of vitamin K are green leafy vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, spinach, etc. It is also found in animal sources like egg yolk, liver, etc. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and deficiency of it causes haemorrhage.
Secondary body cavity with segmented mesodermal lining is called
Haemocoel
Neurocoel
True Coelom
Pseudocoelom
C.
True Coelom
The body cavity which is lined by mesoderm is called coelom. Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates.
Vaccine for tuberculosis is known as
PAS vaccine
BCG vaccine
OPVA
DPT
B.
BCG vaccine
Baccillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is the vaccine for tuberculosis. It was first used in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine available today for protection against tuberculosis. It is most effective in protecting children from the disease. BCG contains a live attenuated (weakened) strain of Mycobacterium bovis. This vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin at Pasteur Institute, Paris.
Sir Godfrey Hounsfield developed the diagonosi technique of
CT scanning
MRI
Endoscopy
Bronchoscopy
A.
CT scanning
Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield, an English electrical engineer who shared th 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Allan MacLeod Cormak for his part in developing diagnostic technique of X-ray computed tomogrpahy (CT) scanning. He died in August 2004.
Alcoholism may leads to
Skin cancer
Liver cirrhosis
Viral disease
Eye Infection
B.
Liver cirrhosis
Alcoholism is a chronic, often progressive disease in which a person craves alcohol and drinks despite repeated alcohol related problems. It involves a physical dependence on alcohol. It may lead to liver cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is build up of scar tissue that changes the structure of the liver and blocks blood flow. Cirrhosis can cause varicose veins, which can rupture and potentially triggering internal bleeding.
Aspirin is a/an
antibiotic
antipyretic
antiseptic
none of the above
B.
antipyretic
Antipyretic drug is the drug which decreases body temperature, eg, Aspirin.
Antibiotics are drugs which inhibits the growth of microorganisms, eg, Penicillin.
Antiseptics are substances which destroy the living organism from living surfaces like skin, eg, Savlon.
Sporogony of malarial parasite occurs in
liver of man
RBCs of man
salivary glands of mosquito
stomach wall of mosquito
D.
stomach wall of mosquito
Sporogony is a sexual phase starting with ookinete in stomach wall of mosquito to form haploid sporozoites in oocyst. These enter in salivary glands of mosquito. When mosquito sucks human blood, it injects sporozoites along with its saliva containing anticoagulant.
Streptomycin is obtained from
Streptomyces griseus
S. aureofaciens
S. venezuelae
S. ramosus
A.
Streptomyces griseus
Streptomycin is obtained from Streptomyces griesus.
Auromycin (tetracyclin) is obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens.
Chloromycetin is obtained from Streptomyces venezuelae.
Terramycin is obtained from Streptomyces ramosus.
Yersinia pestis is responsible for
syphilis
whooping cough
plague
leprosy
C.
plague
Bubonic plague (black death) is caused by Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) bacteria.
Schizogony occurs in
RBC of human
intestine of parasite
liver of human
liver of parasite
C.
liver of human
Schizogony is a stage in asexual reproduction of Plasmodium (malarial parasite) in which schizont is formed. From the human blood sporozoites enter the liver cells. It grows in size to become a rounded schizont called cryptozoite and further divides to form cryptomerozoites. The host liver cells rupture to liberate the cryptomerozoites into the liver sinusoids.
Retrovirus have genetic material
DNA only
RNA only
DNA or RNA only
either DNA or RNA
B.
RNA only
Retrovirus is a RNA virus which infects animal cells and replicates by first converting to dsDNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase. Retroviruses are enveloped viruses. AIDS is caused by HIV III (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), which is also a retrovirus.
Which insect is useful for us
Periplaneta
Musca
Bombyx
Mosquitoes
C.
Bombyx
Bombyx mori is a silk producing insect, which is reared on mulberry leaves for commercial production of silk whereas mosquito, Musca and Periplanata are harmful arthropodes.
A patient is generally advised to specially, consume more meat, lentils, milk and eggs in diet only when he suffers from
kwashiorkor
rickets
anaemia
scurvy
A.
kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is a form of protein malnutrition. It occurs commonly in children who have low amount of protein intake in their diet.
Rickets is a bone disorder caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D, Calcium or Phosphate. Main source of this disease are fish liver and processed milk including moderate amount of sunlight is encouraged.
Anemia is a condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood. Main food sources are green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits etc.
Scurvy is a disease resulting from lack of Vitamin C. It can be prevented by taking amla, bell peppers, blackcurrants, broccoli etc.
AIDS is caused by HIV that principally infects
all lymphocytes
activator B cells
T4 lymphocytes
cytotoxic T cells
C.
T4 lymphocytes
AIDS or Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome was first described on 1981 in Africa. It is caused by HIV or Human Immuno Deficiency Virus. It is a lentivirus within the family of Retroviride. T4 lymphocytes are the principal target cells for HIV as they have CD4 receptor protein for interaction of HIV.
Which group of three of the following five statements (A- E) contain is all three correct statements regarding beri- beri?
A. A crippling disease prevalent among the native population of sub- Sahara Africa.
B. A deficiency disease caused by lack of thiamine (vitamin- B1).
C. A nutritional disorder in infants and young children when the diet is persistently deficient in essential protein.
D. Occurs in those countries where the staple diet is polished rice.
E. The symptoms are pain from neuritis, paralysis, muscle wasting, progressive oedema, mental deterioration and finally heart failure.
A, B and D
B, C and E
A, C and E
B, D and E
D.
B, D and E
The deficiency of vitamin- B1 or thiamine is responsible for the disease beri- beri. It occurs in countries where staple diet is polished rice. Symptoms of this disease are pain from neuritis, paralysis, muscle wasting, progressive oedema, mental deterioration and finally heart failure.
Pellagra is caused by deficiency of vitamin
B1
B2
B5
B6
C.
B5
Pellagra is caused by deficiency of Vitamin- B5. It is also known as antipellagra factor. Symptoms of this disease includes, swollen lips, thick pigmented skin of hands and legs and patient feels irritable.
Beriberi is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin- B1. It is also known as Thiamine deficiency. Symptoms includes loss of appetite, fatigue, irritability, reduced reflexes etc.
Ariboflavinosis is a disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin- B2. Symptoms includes dryness and cracking of the skin, rash, anaemia, fatigue etc.
Vitamin- B6 deficiency causes microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis. Symptoms includes skin rashes, weakened immune function, seizures, cracked and sore lips etc.
Disease caused by deficiency of protein in children is
Obesity
Marasmus
Diabetes
Kwashiorkor
D.
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is caused by the deficiency of proteins in diet. It occurs in the age group of 1 to 5 years. Its symptoms are oedema (swelling of abdomen), thining of limbs, diarrhoea and retarded brain.
Obesity is caused by overeating and less physical inactivity. It is common in American adults and children. Symptoms include breathing disorders, dperession, diabetes etc.
Marasmus is the under-nourishment causing a child's weight to be significantly low for their age. Symptoms includes chronic diarrhea, respiratory infections, stunted growth etc.
Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body's ability to process blood glucose. Symptoms includes increased hunger, thirst, weight loss, extreme fatigue etc.
Abnormal growth of the tumor in cancer is due to
abnormal mitotic division
accumulation of body fluid
abnormal meiotic division
metastasis
A.
abnormal mitotic division
Sometimes certain cells, which have differentiated and stopped dividing, suddenly start multiplying in an uncontrolled way to form a malignant growth called tumor. All cells carry certain cancer producing oncogenes. Under certain conditions these oncogenes are triggered to form masses of cells (tumor).
Antibody is produced by
B-Lymphocyte
Heparin
T- Lymphocyte
Both (a) and (b)
A.
B-Lymphocyte
Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes are critical for immune reactions and are of two types B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes, upon contact with appropriate antigens, are transformed into plasma cells, which are responsible for the production of antibody. They produce, 20 trillion antibodies per day.
Ischihara chart is used to detect
TB
eye sight
colourblindness
diabetes
C.
colourblindness
Ischihara chart is used to detect colourblindness.
The infective stage of Plasmodium is
sporozoite
merozoite
trophozoite
schizont
A.
sporozoite
Infective stage of Plasmodium is a sporozoite inoculated into human blood by female Anopheles. Sporozoite are produced due to gamogony (sexual cyclein the stomach of mosquito) followed by sporogony (asexual cycle in the stomach wall of mosquito) sporozoites are sickle or spindle-shaped.
Protein deficiency disease is
eczema
cirrhosis
kwashiorkor
night blindness
C.
kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease. It results due to severe malnutrition or lack or protein. Symptoms include loss of appetite, changes in hair color, dehydration, lack of muscle and fat tissues, lethargy, irritability etc.
When plants/animals are infected with virus, they may produce an anti-viral substance that is capable of inhibiting the multiplication of that virus. Identify the correct name ofthis substance
Virion
Antivirion
Antigen
Interferon
D.
Interferon
Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Refer to the given figure depicting a diseased condition in humans and name the worm causing this disease.
Epidermophyton jloccosum
Ascaris lumbricoides
Wuchereria bancrofti
Entamocba histolytica
C.
Wuchereria bancrofti
The given figure show a person suffering from disease elephantiasis caused by the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti. 'This disease is characterised by the swelling of legs and scrotum. The disease is therefore commonly called elephantiasis due to the resemblance of affected person's leg with that of an elephant.
Which of the following antibiotics is not correctly matched with the source from which it is obtained
Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum
Bacitracin Bacillus licheniformis
Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvurm
Streptomycin Bacillus griseus
D.
Streptomycin Bacillus griseus
Streptomycin is obtained from Streptomyces griseus. It is found useful in meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis and local infections
AIDS disease was first reported in
Russia
Germany
USA
France
C.
USA
AIDS was first reported from USA in 1981.
Refer to the given figure and choose the organism not related to the condition shown here.
Microsporum
Trichophyton
W. malayi
Epidermophyton
B.
Trichophyton
The person shown in the given figure is suffering from ringworm infection. Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for ringworm disease. Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp are the main symptoms of this disease.
Select the incorrect match.
Citric acid - Aspergillus niger
Streptokinase - Streptococcus
Butyric acid - Clostridium acetobutylicum
Cyclosporin A - Monascus purpureus
D.
Cyclosporin A - Monascus purpureus
Cyclosporin-A is a bioactive molecule, which is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation. It is obtained through fermentative activity of fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Match the following and select the correct option.
Column-I Column- II
A. Emphysema (i) Increase in the concentration of non-biodegradable substances in food chains
B. ADA deficiency (ii) -1 antitrypsin
C. Eutrophication (iii) Bone marrow transplantation
D. Biomagnification (iv) Nutrient enrichment of a water body
A- (iii), B - (ii), C- (iv), D - (i)
A-(ii), B- (iii),C- (iv), D-(i)
A-(ii), B - (iv),C - (i), D - (iii)
A- (iv), B- (ii), C- (iii), D-(i)
B.
A-(ii), B- (iii),C- (iv), D-(i)
Adenosine deaminase deficiency is caused by mutations in the ADA gene. This gene provides instructions for producing the enzyme adenosine deaminase. This enzyme is found throughout the body but is most active in specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes. These cells protect the body against potentially harmful invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, by making immune proteins called antibodies or by directly attacking infected cell.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath.
Which of the following pathogens is not transmitted by a vector
Salmonella typhi
Alpha virus
Plasmodium
Wuchereria bancrofti
A.
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi (causal organism of typhoid) is transmitted by faecal oral route and not by a vector. The alpha viruses are transmitted by insect vectors, most commonly by mosquitoes. Plasmodium (malarial parasite) is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito and Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial worm) is transmitted by female Culex mosquito
Assertion: Mast cells in the human body release excessive amounts of inflammatory chemicals which cause allergic reactions.
Reason: Allergens in the environment on reaching human body stimulate mast cells in certain individuals.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
A.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Mast cells act on body's defense mechanism. When some allergens like different pollutants, smog, smoke, pollen grains etc. come in contact with mast cells, they stimulate the mast cells. The allergic reaction is triggered by cross linking of IgE molecules on the surface of mast cells by allergen and ultimately mast cells release excessive amounts of inflammatory chemicals which cause allergic reactions.
Assertion: Filarial worm is transmitted to humans by Culex mosquito.
Reason: Culex prefers to breed in fresh water.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
C.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
Wuchereria (W.bancrofti and W.malayi), the filarial worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs, and the disease is called filariasis. The pathogen spreads from one human being to another through mosquitoes like Culex and to a less extent by Anopheles and Aedes. The parasite resides in lymph vessels, connective tissues and mesentery. It is manifestated by lymphoedema accompanied by thickening of subcutaneous tissues and skin so that there is permanent swelling mostly of feet, legs, thighs, scrotal sacs, breast etc. In Culex and other mosquitoes females are blood sucking while males suck juices of flowers and fruits. Female Culex carries filarial worm from one person to another. It prefers to breed in dirty water near human habitation.
Assertion : IgM is a type of immunoglobulin which cannot cross the placenta.
Reason : IgM is pentamer immunoglobulin, joined by J-chain
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false
A.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
IgM cannot cross the placenta because the body tends to make IgG antibodies against the Rh antigen. IgM antibodies are made against the A and B antigens.
Choose the correctly matched pair from the following.
Gonorrhoea, hepatitis B- sexually transmitted diseases
AIDS, gonorrhoea - viral infection
Diphtheria, ringworm - fungal infection
Diphtheria, tuberculosis - protozoan infection
A.
Gonorrhoea, hepatitis B- sexually transmitted diseases
AIDS is caused by HIV virus.
Gonorrhoea is caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Diphtheria is caused by bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheria.
Ringworm disease is caused by fungus Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum.
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Identify the give figure and select the correct option
Neutrophil- phagocytic cell which destroy foreign organisms entering the body.
Eosinophil- their number increases during allergic infection.
Lymphocyte - small sized non-motile and non-phagocytic.
Monocyte - motile and phagocytic in nature.
A.
Neutrophil- phagocytic cell which destroy foreign organisms entering the body.
Neutrophil is a phagocytic cell which destroys foreign organisms entering the body. It has many lobed nucleus, fine granules in cytoplasm and it takes acidic as well as basic stains that is why they are called neutrophil.
Which antibiotic has bactericidal effect
Erythromycin
Streptomycin
Penicillin
Chloramphenicol
C.
Penicillin
Penicillin has bactericidal effect i.e., they kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Erythromycin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol produces bacteriostatic effect.
Streptomycin-Streptomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It binds to the small 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, interfering with the binding of formyl-methionyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit.
Erythromycin- It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits; binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.
Chloramphenicol- It prevents protein chain elongation by inhibiting the peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome. It specifically binds to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation.
Which of the following is not a character of cancerous cells in our body
Contact inhibition
Neoplasia
Metastasis
Inability for differentiation
A.
Contact inhibition
Normal cells show the property of contact inhibition, by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth. Cancer cells appears to have lost this property.
Which one of the following immune system components does not correctly match with its respective role
Interferons - secreted by virus-infected cells and protect non-infected cells from further viral infection
B-lymphocytes-produces antibodies in response to pathogens into blood to fight with them
Macrophages-mucus secreting cells that trap microbes entering in the body
IgA-present in colostrum in early days of lactation and protect infant from diseases
C.
Macrophages-mucus secreting cells that trap microbes entering in the body
Macrophages are cells produced by differentiation of monocytes in tissues. They are present throughout the body with large numbers in the lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. These are specialized phagocytic cells that attack foreign substances.
Assertion: AIDS and hepatitis B are sexually transmitted diseases.
Reason: There is no permanent cure for both of them
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
B.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). AIDS and hepatitis-Bare sexually transmitted diseases. Hepatitis-B and AIDS can also be transmitted by sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments with infected persons, transfusion of blood, etc. There is no permanent cure for AIDS and hepatitis-B.
A person who shows unpredictable moods, outbursts of emotions, quarrelsome behaviour and conflicts with others is suffering from
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
mood disorder
addictive disorder
schizophrenia
A.
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness. It is characterized by unstable and an intense relationships, exploiting and manipulating other people, rapidly changing moods, recurrent suicidal or self injuring acts and a prevasive inner feelings of emptiness & boredom.
A mood disorder is a condition where the prevailing emotional moods are distorted or
inappropriate to the circumstances. Addiction is a state of dependence produced by the habitual taking of drugs, alcohol etc.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe mental disorders characterized by disturbances of languages and communications, thought disturbances that may involve distortion of reality, misperceptions, delusions and hallucination, mood changes etc.
Cytokines that provide non- specific immnity against virus are
interlukin
tumour necrosis
colony stimulating
interferon
D.
interferon
Interferon or IFNs are a group of signalling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. It also acts a s cytokine and can enhance immune response. IFNs are of three types- alpha (), beta () and gamma (). These are used for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune dieases.
Smoking addiction is harmful because it produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which cause
reduction in oxygen transport
increase in blood pressure
cancer
retardation of growth of foetus.
C.
cancer
Cancer is caused by cells dividing repeatedly out of control. They cease to respond to the normal signals around them and form unspecialised masses of cells called tumours. Lung cancer usually starts in the epithelium of the bronchioles, so-called bronchial carcinoma. It then usually spreads throughout the lungs. It is caused almost exclusively by smoking.
Tobacco smoke contains chemicals responsible for lung cancer. The most important of these are
polycyclic hydrocarbons which are converted in the body to carcinogens.
Besides, carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin and reduces oxygen transport about 15% in smokers and nicotine increases blood pressure, heart rate and constriction of blood vessels.
The main reason why antibiotics could not solve all the problems of bacteria mediated diseases is
insensitivity of the individual following prolonged exposure to antibiotics
inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes
decreased efficiency of the immune system
the development of mutant strains resistant to antibiotics.
D.
the development of mutant strains resistant to antibiotics.
A major problem in the treatment of bacterial mediated diseases is that many bacteria have been found to show resistance to antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is closely linked to the extent that antibiotics are used in humans and items of human diet. Resistant strains may appear rapidly or slowly, according to the amount or type of antibiotic used. Bacteria occur in such large numbers that there is a high chance of a mutant individual eventually appearing in the population. As soon as it does, use of the antibiotic to which it is resistant will give it a selective advantage over non-resistant types and it will multiply and eventually become the dominant type.
Antibiotics may also be destroyed by enzymes inside the cells being targetted. A well-known and important example is the group of enzymes known as penicillinases which hydrolyses and destroys penicillins and cephalosporins.
Which of the following sets includes all bacterial disease
Cholera, typhoid, mumps
Tetanus, tuberculosis, measles
Malaria, mumps, poliomyelitis
Diphtheria, leprosy, plague
D.
Diphtheria, leprosy, plague
Diptheria, leprosy and plague are the bacterial diseases of humans. Diptheria is a serious airborne contagious disease. It is caused by Cornybacterium diptheriae which is a Grampositive bacterium. It is inhaled through droplets and reaches to respiratory tract and infects it. Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a contact disease, caused by bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It degenerates the tissues and deforms the body organs. Plague is a disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis or Pasteurella pestis.
The binding of antibodies to the antigens to produce a large insoluble complex is known as
antibody-antigen complex
agglutination
immunisation
suppressor cell reaction.
B.
agglutination
Binding of antibodies to the antigens produces a large insoluble complex known as agglutination. It is a specific reaction, i.e., a particular antigen will only clump in the presence of its specific antibody. Each antibody has two antigen binding sites. It combines with two antigens, causing them to agglutinate
When a man inhales air containing normal concentration of O2 as well as CO he suffers from suffocation because
CO reacts with O2 reducing its percentage in air
haemoglobin combines with CO instead of O2 and forms carboxyhaemoglobin
CO affects diaphragm and intercostal muscle
CO affects the nerves of the lungs.
B.
haemoglobin combines with CO instead of O2 and forms carboxyhaemoglobin
Affinity of carbon monoxide for haemoglobin is 200 times more than oxygen. At 0.5 partial pressure, CO combines with 50% of haemoglobin. It produces a relatively stable compound called carboxy-haemoglobin. This causes low supply of oxygen to the body which is characterised by headache, dizziness, nausea, etc.
Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug specified
Morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions.
Barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria.
Hashish causes alteration of thoughts, perceptions and hallucinations.
Opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations.
C.
Hashish causes alteration of thoughts, perceptions and hallucinations.
Hallucination means apparent perception of external objects or sounds not actually present. It is caused by psychedelic drugs or ha! licinogens. The hallucinogens act mainly on CNS (central nervous system) and greatly alter one's thoughts, feelings and perceptions. Hashish is the example of hallucinogen.
Assertion: Hybridoma cells are shifted to a medium deficient in nutrient which cannot be synthesized by myeloma cells.
Reason: This medium allows selection of hybridoma cells.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false.
A.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
The hybridoma cells are shifted to a medium deficient in nutrient which cannot be synthesized by myeloma cells so that myleoma cells could be removed or hybridoma cells could be purified. The unfused myleoma cells die while hybridoma cells survive. The hybridoma cells are allowed to multiply separately.
Which of the following match is correct?
Emphysema : reduction of surface area of alveoli and bronchi
Pneumonia : occupational disease with asbestos
Silicosis : inflammation of alveoli
Asthma : excessive secretion of bronchial mucus
A.
Emphysema : reduction of surface area of alveoli and bronchi
Emphysema means abnormal accumulation of air in the tissues (lungs). In pulmonary emphysema, the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are enlarged and damaged, which reduces the surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Severe emphysema causes breath-lessness, which is made worse by infections.
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the air sacs (alveoli) become filled with inflammatory cells and the lung becomes solid. The symptoms include those of any infection (fever, malaise, headaches, etc.), together with cough and chest pain.
Silicosis, a lung disease, is a form of pneumoconiosis produced by inhaling silica dust particles. It affects workers in hard-rock mining and tunnelling, quarrying, stone dressing, sand blasting, and boiler scaling. Silica stimulates fibrosis of lung tissue, which produces progressive breathlessness and considerebly increased susceptibility to tuberculosis.
Asthma is the condition of subjects with widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways, which changes in severity over short periods of time (either spontaneously or under treatment) and leads to cough, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing.
Assertion : Antigen can be easily recognized because it has antigenic determinants.
Reason : The recognition ability is innate.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false
B.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
Antigen is any substance that may be specifically bound by an antibody molecule. These are mainly proteins but can be polysaccharides, glycoproteins or other types of conjugated proteins, nucleic acids or chemicals.
Each antigen has many antigenic determinants, also called epitopes, of the antigen. As each antibody binds with 2 or more such determinants, one antigen can bind with many antibodies. The recognition ability is innate and develops without exposure to the antigen. When the antigen first enters the body, it can bind directly to the appropriate receptors on B cells. However, a full antibody response requires that the B cells contact helper T cells. ln the case of T cells, the antigen is taken up by an antigen-presenting cells and partially digested. A peptide fragment of it is presented to the appropriate receptors on T cells. In either case, the cells are stimulated to divide, forming clones of cells that respond to this antigen.
When children play bare footed in pools of ditty water and flood water, they may suffer from disease like
leptospirosis and bilharzia
malaria, amoebic dysentery and leptospirosis
bilharzia, infective hepatitis and diarrhoea
guinea worm infection, elephantiasis and amoebic dysentery.
A.
leptospirosis and bilharzia
Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or 7-day fever) is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira that affects humans and a wide range of animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians. and reptiles. It was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886 when he reported an 'acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis. Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from these infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact.
Leptospirosis is common among watersport enthusiasts in certain areas as prolonged immersion in water is known to promote the entry of the bacteria Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is also called snail fever or swimmer's itch.
Schistosomiasis is a life threatening parasitic disease caused by a worm that lives in a host snail. Humans can become infected when they come in contac with water in ponds and rivers where the snail lives. The pathology is mostly caused by the large number of eggs becoming stuck in various body parts, in particular the liver (causing liver enlargement and malfunction) and the kidneys (causing kidney damage, detectable by blood in the urine).
Which one of the following is an environment related disorder with the correct main cause
Black lung disease (pneumoconiosis) found mainly in workers in stone quarries and crushers.
Blue baby disease (methaemoglobinaemia) due to heavy use of nitrogenous fertilizers in the area.
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma found mainly in workers involved in manufacture of neem based pesticides.
Skin cancer mainly in people exposed to benzene and methane.
B.
Blue baby disease (methaemoglobinaemia) due to heavy use of nitrogenous fertilizers in the area.
Blue baby syndrome is a pathological condition, called methemoglobinemia, in which blood's capacity for oxygen transport is reduced, resulting in bluish skin discoloration in infants. Blue baby syndrome begins when large amounts of nitrates in water are ingested by an infant and converted to nitrite by the digestive system. The nitrite then reacts with oxyhaemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying blood protein) to form metheglobin, which cannot carry oxygen.
Pneumoconiosis is a man-made, occupational lung diseases that are contracted by prolonged breathing of coal mine dust i.e. caused by the inhalation of dust. characterized by formation of nodular fibrotic changes in lungs.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (or NHL) is a cancer of lymphoid tissue, a part of the lymphatic system. NHL is a heterogenous disease. Skin cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the skin cells. It is commonly caused by exposure to the sun's UV rays
An insect bite may result in inflammation of that spot. This is triggered by the alarm chemicals such as
histamine and dopamine
histamine and kinins
interferons and opsonin
interferons and histones
B.
histamine and kinins
Inflammation is a process by which body's immune system malfunctions. It is common to almost all diseases that involve microbiologic, chemical or physical injury to living tissues. Acute inflammation is a short term process occuring in response to tissue injury. Heat, Redness, Pain, swelling and loss of function are the cardinal signs.
Histamine is stored in mast cell granules and basophils. It is released by inflammatory and immunologic stimuli. It plays an important role in acute inflammation, exerting a dilator action on arterioles, increasing the permeability of small venules to plasma proteins and causing pain by stimulating nociceptors.
Plasma kinins such as bradykinin are not stored but are released by the action of kininogenase on plasma a, globulin. Bradykinin is a potent vasodilator, increasing small vein permeability and causing pain by stimulating peripheral nociceptors, but it has a short half-life.
mong rust, smut and mushroom all the three
are pathogens
are saprobes
bear ascocarps
bear basidiocarps.
A.
are pathogens
Rust, smut and mushroom all belong to the group of pathogenic fungi. These fungi belong to the class basidiomycetes, and produce basidiospores. Mushroom are placed in the order agaricales. Amanita and Marasmius are pathogenic or disease causing fungi.
Marasmius ordeades causes fairy rings on turf grasses. Rusts and smuts are included in the subclass teliomycetidae. Rust fungi comes under order uredinales, eg. Puccinia graminis causes black rust of wheat, P recondita causes leaf rust of wheal. Smut fungi comes under order ustilaginales which produce teliotospores, eg. Ustilago tritici causes loose smut of wheat.
A young drug addict used to show symptoms of depressed brain activity, feeling of calmness, relaxation and drowsiness. Possibly he was taking
amphetamine
marijuna
pethidine
valium
D.
valium
Valium or diazepam comes under a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms. It is used to relieve anxiety, nervousness, and tension associated with anxiety disorders. It is also used to treat certain types of seizure disorders and muscle spasms.
Amphetamines are stimulant drugs, ie, they speed up the messgaes travelling between brain and the body.
Marijuna refers to dried leaves, flowers, stems and seeds from the plant Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica. It is also called weed, herb, pot, grass, bud, ganja etc.
Pethidine refers to synthetic compound which is mainly used as pain killing drug, especially for women in labour.
Antigen binding site in an antibody is found between
two light chains
two heavy chains
one heavy and one light chain
either between two light chains or between one heavy and one light chain depending upon the nature of antigen
C.
one heavy and one light chain
Antibodies are the recognition proteins found in the serumand other body fluids and reacts specifically with the antigens. It consists of 4 polypeptides: two heavy chains and two light chains in order to form a Y shaped molecule.
Antigen binding site is present between one heavy chain and one light chain respectively. Every immunoglobulin (Ig) has at least two of these sites, which are identical to one another.
Assertion: A person who has received a cut and is bleeding needs to be given anti-tetanus treatment.
Reason: Anti-tetanus injection provides immunity by producing antibodies for tetanus.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false.
A.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
Tetanus is a serious and often fatal disease caused by the neurotoxin tetanospasmin which is produced by the gram positive obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infections begins when the bacteria are introduced into an open injury or wound where they produce tetanospasmin toxin which blocks messages from the spinal cord to the muscles, forcing muscles to go into severe spasm. Deep puncture wound or those with devitalized (dead) tissue are particularly prone to tetanus infection because the bacillus thrives in an anaerobic environment. Tetanus often begins with mild spasm in the jaw muscles (hence called lock jaw or trismus), neck muscles and facial muscles. Stiffness rapidly develops in the chest, back and abdominal muscles. Immunization against tetanus can prevent the disease.
Therefore a person who has received a cut and is bleeding needs to given antitetanus treatment. Antitetanus immunoglobin gives passive immunity. Tetanus is best prevented by active immunization with tetanus toxoid which stimulates the production of protective antitoxin.
Assertion: Cancer cells are virtually immortal until the body in which they reside dies.
Reason: Cancer is caused by damage to genes regulating the cell division cycle.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false.
B.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
Cancer is a growth disorder of cells. It starts when an apparently normal cell begins to grow in an uncontrolled and invasive way. The result is a cluster of cells, called a tumor, that constantly expands in size.
Cells that leave the tumor and spread throughout the body, forming new tumors at distant sites, are called metastases. Cancer is a gene disorder of somatic tissue, in which damaged genes fail to properly control cell proliferation. The cell division cycle is regulated by a sophisticated group of proteins. Cancer results from the mutation of the genes encoding these proteins. More than one mutation is necessary for carcinogenesis. In fact, a series of several mutations to certain classes of genes is usually required before a normal cell will transform into a cancer cell. Only mutations in those certain types of genes which play vital roles in cell division. cell death, and DNA repair will cause a cell to lose control of its proliferation.
Cancer can be caused by chemicals that mutate DNA or in some instances by viruses that circumvent the cell's normal proliferation controls. Whatever the immediate cause, however, all cancers are characterized by unrestrained growth and division. Cell division never stops in a cancerous line of cells. Cancer cells are virtually immortal until the body in which they reside dies.
Assertion: Inflammation of a skeletal joint may immobilize the movements of the joint.
Reason: Uric acid crystals in the joint cavity and ossification of articular cartilage lead to this
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false.
A.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
Inflammation is a process in which the body's WBCs and the chemicals released into the blood or the affected tissue to protect us from in feetion and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses. This releases of chemicals increases the blood flow to the area of injury or infection.
Inflammation is characterized by redness, swollen joint that is warm to touch, joint pain, joint stiffness & loss of joint function. The increase number of cells and inflammatory substances within the joint causes irritation, wearing down of cartilage (cushions at the end of bones) and swelling of the joint lining.
Inflammation of one or more joint results in arthritis. When there is a deposition of uric acid and crystals of sodium urates in the joints it will lead to gout arthritis. Uric acids is the end metabolism products of nitrogen containing purine nucleic acid. Gout generally affects one or two joints only. It is very painful particularly at night, and makes movement difficult. Gout generally affects great toe.
Assertion: Escherichia coli, Shigella sp. and Salmonella sp. are all responsible for diarrhoeal disease.
Reason: Dehydration is common to al I types of diarrhoeal diseases and adequate supply of fluids electrolytes should be ensured.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false.
B.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
E.coli, Shigella sp, and Salmonella species arc all bacteria which arc responsible for the diarrhoea diseases. Diarrhoea is a frequent bowel evacuation or the passage of abnormally son or liquid faeces. It may be caused by intestinal infections, other form of intestinal inflammation (such as Colitis or Crohn's disease), malabsorption, anxiety and the irritable bowel syndrome.
Severe or prolonged diarrhoea may lead to excess losses of fluid, salts and nutrients in the faeces. Dehydration (whose symptoms includes great thirst, nausea and exhaustion) is common to all types of diarrhoeal diseases. The condition is treated by drinking plenty of water. severe cases require oral rehydration therapy or intravenous administration of water and salts. One litre of ORS (Oral rehydration solution) contains 1.5 gm glucose, 3.5 gm NaCl, 2.9 gm KCI & 2.9 gm trisodium citrate
Assertion: LSD and marijuana are clinically used as analgesics.
Reason: Both these drugs suppress brain function.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false.
D.
If both assertion and reason are false.
An analgesic is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain and to achieve analgesia. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous system; they include paracetamol (acetaminophen), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, narcotic drugs such as morphine, synthetic drugs with narcotic properties such as tramadol, and various others. LSD and marijuana are used as hallucinogens. Hallucinogens are natural and synthetic (synthesized) substances that, when ingested (taken into the body), significantly alter one's state of consciousness. Hallucinogenic compounds often cause people to see (or think they sec) random colours, patterns, events, and objects that do not exist. These substances are sometimes called 'pyschedelic,' or 'mindexpanding' drugs.
Marijuana and hashish, two substances derived from the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa), are also considered natural hallucinogens. Marijuana (also called grass, pot, tea, weed, or reefer), a green herb from the flower of the hemp plant, is considered a mild hallucinogen. Hashish is marijuana in a more potent concentrated form. Both drugs arc usually smoked. Their effects include a feeling of relaxation, faster heart rate, the sensation that time is passing more slowly, and a greater sense of hearing, taste, touch. and smell.
LSD (Lysergic Acid Dicthylamiclc) is the most common hallucinogen and one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. It is manufactured from lysergic acid, found in a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD users may experience flashbacks of visions they had when on the drug. Some LSD users suffer organic brain damage, which results in impaired memory and attention span, confusion, and difficulty in thinking.
Which one of the following is a matching pair of a drug and its category
Amphetamines - stimulant
Lysergic acid dimethyl amide - narcotic
Heroin - psychotropic
Benzodiazepine - pain killer
A.
Amphetamines - stimulant
Amphetamines are powerful drugs (stimulant), they speed' up the whole body, increasing the heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. Amphetamines make the user feel excited, confident and energetic. Some people use amphetamines to suppress their appetite, so they can go for a long time without eating. There are many health risks from taking this type of drug. Long-term use can cause mental illness and will put a strain on the heart, due to increased blood pressure.
Which one of the following is correctly matched regarding an Institute and its location
National Institute of Virology - Pune
National lnstitute of Communicable Diseases - Lucknow
Central Drug Research Institute - Kasauli
National Institute of Nutrition - Mumbai
A.
National Institute of Virology - Pune
The Virus Research Centre (VRC). Pune came to existance in 1952 under the joint auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation, as a part of the global programme of investigations on the arthropod - borne group of viruses. In view of its expanded scope and activities, the VRC was undesignated as the National Institute of Virology (NIV) in 1978. The NIV is identified today as the WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus reference and research. NIV also acts as the National Monitoring Centre for Influenza and Hepatitis
Electron beam therapy is a kind of radiation therapy to treat
Enlarged prostrate gland
Gall bladder stones by breaking them
Certain types of cancer
Kidney stones.
C.
Certain types of cancer
Electron therapy or electron beam therapy (EBT) is a kind of external beam radiotherapy where electrons are directed to a tumor site.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
is caused by a variant of Pneumococcus pneumonia
is caused by a variant of the common cold virus (coronavirus)
is an acute form of asthma
affects non-vegetarians much faster than the vegetarians
B.
is caused by a variant of the common cold virus (coronavirus)
The disease is due to infection with the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The genome of this virus
has been completely sequenced. When viruses resembling SARS-CoV were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live animal market in the Guangdong Province of China; it implicated these animals as the reservoir of the virus.
Cattle fed with spoilt hay of sweet clover which contains dicumarol
are healthier due to a good diet
catch infections easily
may suffer vitamin K deficiency and prolonged bleeding
may suffer from beri beri due to deficiency of B vitamins.
C.
may suffer vitamin K deficiency and prolonged bleeding
During the process of spoiling, the coumarins in sweet clover are converted to toxic dicumarol, a potent vitamin K antagonist and anticoagulant. Any method of hay storage that allows molding of sweet clover promotes the likelihood of formation of dicumarol in the hay. Weathered, large round bales, particularly the outer portions, usually contain the highest concentrations of dicumarol.
When toxic hay or silage is consumed for several weeks, dicumarol alters proenzymes required for synthesis of prothrombin, resulting in hypoprothrombinemia (by preventing formation of the active enzyme). It probably also interferes with synthesis of factor VII and other vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors. Dicumarol concentrations of 20–30 mg/kg of hay ingested throughout several weeks are usually required to cause poisoning in cattle.
The toxic agent crosses the placenta in pregnant animals, and newborn animals may be affected at birth. All species of animals studied are susceptible, but instances of poisoning involve cattle and, to a limited extent, sheep, pigs, and horses.
The treatment of snake-bite by antivenom is an example of
artificially acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
specific natural immunity.
B.
artificially acquired passive immunity
Passive immunity may be artificially acquired, particularly when antiserum or antibodies produced by one individual are transfused into a second individual. In all cases, passive immunity represents the passive acquisition of an immune response that was actively acquired by another individual. Passive immunity can last for at most months since antibodies have a finite life span within the body.
Assertion : Interferons are a type of antibodies produced by body cells infected by bacteria.
Reason : Interferons stimulate inflammation at the site of injury.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false
D.
If both Assertion and Reason are false
Interferons are not antibodies. These are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune systems of most animals in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumor cells.
They belong to a large group of proteins known as cytokines. These are of 3 types:- , and . Alpha and Beta interferon are produced by many cell types such as T- cells and B- cells and are important component of the antiviral response. They stimulate both macrophages and NK (Natural Killer) cells.
Inflammation is the first response to infection and injury and is critical to body defence. Basically, it is an attempt by the body to restore and maintain homeostasis after injury. It is the influx of fluid and cells that results in redness, swelling, heat, and pain at the infection site.
Assertion : Organ transplantation patients are given immunosuppressive drugs.
Reason : Transplanted tissue has antigens which stimulate the specific immune response of the recipient.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false
A.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion
An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. They could be living, or cadaveric (dead).
Immunosuppressive drugs are variety of substances used to prevent production of antibodies. They are clinically used to prevent rejection by a recipient's body of an organ (e.g. bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver) transplanted from a donor. A transplant is rejected when the recipient's immune system acts against it.
Just as Xenopsylla is to Yersenia pestis, so is:
Glossina palpalis to Wuchereria bancrofti
Culex to Plasmodium falciparum
Homo sapiens to Taenia solium
Phlebotomus to Leishmania donovani
D.
Phlebotomus to Leishmania donovani
Xenopsylla or rat flea transmits the pathogen Yersinia pestis, responsible for plague. Like this, the sand fly Phlebotomus transmits the protozoa Leishmania donovani which is the causative agent of Kala azar, oriental sore etc.
Assertion: Tapeworm, roundworm and pinworm are endoparasites of human intestine.,
Reason: Improperly cooked food is the source of all intestinal infections.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false.
C.
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
Tapeworm, roundworm and pinworm are endoparasites of human intestine.
In case of Taenia solium man gets infection by uncooked or improperly cooked measly pork. Cysticercus becomes active on reaching the intestine. Proscolex everts or evaginatcs in the intestinal wall. Ascaris, being an endoparasite inhabits the small intestine of man, more frequently of children than of adults. Man gets infection through skin contact. Enterobius vermicularis or pinworm lives in caecum, appendix and at the junction of large and small intestine. It is transmitted by the improper sanitary condition.
Assertion: Dope test is used to estimate the level of blood alcohol by analysing the breath of persons drinking alcohol.
Reason: A drunken person usually feels tense and less talkative
If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
If Assertion is true but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false.
D.
If both Assertion and Reason are false.
Dope test is a test to determine whether an athlete is taking performance-
A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser) is a device for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample. Breathalyzer is the brand name (a genericized trademark) for the instrument that tests the alcohol level developed by inventor Robert Frank Borkenstein.
Assertion : Mast cells in the human body release excessive amounts of inflammatory chemicals which cause allergic reactions.
Reason : Allergens in the environment on reaching human body stimulate mast cells in certain individuals.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false
If both Assertion and Reason are false statements
A.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
Mast cells act on body's defense mechanism. When some allergens like different pollutants, smog, smoke, pollen grains etc. come in contact with mastcell, they stimulate the mast cells. The allergic reaction is triggered by cross linking of IgE molecules on the surface of mast cells by allergen. And ultimately mast cells release excessive amounts of inflammatory chemicals which cause allergic reactions.
Which of the following cytoplasmic granules contain histamine
Basophils
Acidophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
A.
Basophils
Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms.Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues.
Refractory period of a muscle fibre in mammals is
0.8001 sec
0.002 sec
0.004 sec
0.005 sec
B.
0.002 sec
After an action potential initiates, the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for some duration of time (which is slightly shorter than the 'true' action potential duration). This period of time is referred to as the refractory period, which is 250ms in duration and helps to protect the heart.
Squeezing of leucocytes out from the endothelium of capillaries to fight foreign agents. is known as
haemolysis
diapaedesis
phagocytosis
rouleaux
B.
diapaedesis
Leukocyte extravasation, less commonly called diapedesis, is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes.
Which organ is considered as 'Graveyard of RBC' where most of them are destroyed by macrophages
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Kidney
Intestine
B.
Spleen
Old and damaged RBCs are destroyed in the spleen. Hence, it is known as the graveyard of RBCs.
Which of the following is not immunised by triple antigen ?
Typhoid
Tetanus
Diptheria
Whooping cough
A.
Typhoid
Immunity or susceptibility of diptheria is determined by performing the Schick test. Typhoid is not immunised by triple antigen while tetanus, diptheria and whoophing cough are immunisations done with the use of DTP vaccine.
Liver damage caused by excessive drinking of alcohol is called
hepatitis
dematitis
liver cirrhosis
liver diarrhoea
C.
liver cirrhosis
Alcohol becomes changed into aldehyde in the liver. It provides energy for fat synthesis in liver. Gradually the liver hardens and dries up as its cells are replaced by fibrous tissue. This kind of liver degeneration is called fatty liver syndrome or cirrhosis.
The vector of the kala-azar is
Aedes sp
Anopheles stephenis
Culex fatigans
Phlebotomus sp
D.
Phlebotomus sp
Leishmaniasis or kala- azar is a disease caused by the parasites of Leishmania type. It is mainly caused by Leishmania donovani. The parasite spreads by sandfly (Phebotomus) bite.
Which lg is produced in primary immune response
IgA
IgG
IgE
IgM
D.
IgM
IgM antibodies constitute the major component of the natural antibodies and is also the first class of antibodies produced during a primary antibody response. The IgM-type antibodies differ from other classes of antibodies in that they are predominantly produced by B1 cells, in the absence of apparent stimulation by specific antigens. In addition, IgM antibodies are mostly encoded by germline V gene segments and have low affinities but broad specificites to both foreign and self structures.
Only one of the following four ways through which AIDS can spread?
Infected needles and syringes
Through mosquito bites
Looking after AIDS patient
Shaking hands, coughing, sneezing, hugging
A.
Infected needles and syringes
There are three main router for transmission of HIV, ie, AIDS virus. These are through sexual intercourse, transmission through blood transfusion, blood products, contaminated equipments, and from mother to baby. Infected needles and syringes (ie, equipments) are most efficient method of HIV infection.
Passive immunity can be obtained through
antigens
vaccines
antibiotics
antibodies
D.
antibodies
In passive immunity, antibodies from one individual are passed into another individual. They give immediate protection unlike active immunity which takes a few days or weeks to build up. However, it only provides protection against infection for a few weeks.
Active immunity development is related to
natural killer cells
memory cells
helper T cells
suppressor T cells
B.
memory cells
Active immunity involves the active functioning of the person's own immune system which leads to synthesis of antibodies and or the production of immunologically active cells.
Filariasis is caused by
dead adult filariae
microfilariae
biting of filarial worm
presence of bacteria in filarial wall
B.
microfilariae
Filariasis also called elephantiasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or filarial worm. It spreads by bite of Culex mosquito.
The genetic material of rabies virus is
double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA
double stranded DNA
ssDNA
B.
single stranded RNA
Rabies lyssavirus, formerly Rabies virus, is a neurotropic virusthat causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals and less commonly through contact with human saliva.
These viruses are enveloped and have a single stranded RNA genome with negative-sense. The genetic information is packaged as a ribonucleoprotien complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein.
T-lymphocyte is produced in
bone marrow
spleen
pancreas
thymus
D.
thymus
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders.
Which one of the following leucocytes transforms into macrophages
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
C.
Monocyte
Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into macrophages and myeloid lineage dendritic cells. As a part of the vertebrate innate immune system monocytes also influence the process of adaptive immunity.
Mention the 'Incubation Period' of Plasmodium vivax
10-14 days
20-25 days
30 days
45 days
A.
10-14 days
Usually, these periods vary depending on the species of Plasmodium causing malaria. The average incubation period is 9-14 days for Plasmodium falciparum, 10-14 days for infections by Plasmodium vivax and 18-40 days for infections caused by Plasmodium malariae
How many variable segments are present in the basic structure of antibody molecule?
One
Two
Three
Four
D.
Four
An antibody is a Y-shaped protein molecule that is made by a B-lymphocyte in response to a particular antigen. It consists of four polypeptide chains, two long or heavy chains and two short or light chains. Each molecule has two identical antigen binding sites which are formed by both light and heavy chains. Much of the molecule is constant but the tips of the 'Y' are variable and match precisely part of a particular antigen molecule.
In the above figure, Blue and yellow colour represents variable region on both heavy and light chain respectively.
MRI is not allowed in the following conditions except one. Identify the exception
Presence of pacemaker in the body
Pregnant women
Person suffering from stroke
Presence of metallic plate in the body for treatment of broken bones
C.
Person suffering from stroke
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is primarily a medical imaging technique most commonly used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structure and limited function of the body. In medicine MRI is mainly used for looking at damage to soft parts of the body
muscles, tendons and ligaments as well as the brain. At the moment, MRI can only be done on patients who live still.
Which one of the following diseases is spread by housefly?
Dengue fever
Encephalitis
Filariasis
Typhoid
D.
Typhoid
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi. It is a common worldwide illness transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person, this disease is spread by housefly.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. This may include a highfever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash.
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain. It is mainly caused by viral infections. It often causes only mild flu-like signs and symptoms such as a fever or headache or no symptoms at all.
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. These are spread by blood-feeding diptera as black flies and mosquitoes. This disease belongs to the group of diseases called helminthiases.
Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium sp.
Aspergillus sp.
Clostridium sp.
Vibrio sp.
A.
Mycobacterium sp.
Tuberculosis or TB is a common disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. It usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
Which of the following is related to humoral immunity?
T- lymphocyte
B- lymphocyte
I- lymphocyte
P- lymphocyte
B.
B- lymphocyte
The term humor refers to plasma and lymph. B-lymphocytes mature within the bone marrow. The progeny of B-cells differentiate into memory B-cells and effector B-cells called plasma cells. A singe plasma cell can secrete more than 2000 molecule of antibody per second. Secreted antibodies are major effector molecules of humoral immunity.
Which is the correct sequence of arrangement of types of WBC in decreasing order in terms of number per mm3 of human blood
Eosinophils > Basophils > Neutrophils
Basophils > Eosinophils > Neutrophils
Neutrophils > Eosinophils > Basophils
Eosinophils > Neutrophils > Basophils
C.
Neutrophils > Eosinophils > Basophils
There are five main types of WBCs. They are: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are also called granulocytes because they have granules in their cells that contain digestive enzymes.
In AIDS, HIV kills
Antibody molecule
T-helper cell
Bone-marrow cells
T-cytotoxic cell
B.
T-helper cell
HIV attacks a specific type of immune system cell in the body. It's known as the CD4 helper cell or T cell. When HIV destroys this cell, it becomes harder for the body to fight off other infections. When HIV is left untreated, even a minor infection such as a cold can be much more severe
Which one of the following immunoglobulins is found as pentamer?
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
B.
IgM
Immunogobulin M (IgM) accounts for 5-10% of total serum Igs. IgM in pentameric form has no antigen binding sites on the periphery of molecule.
A female Anopheles mosquito can be recognised by
proboscis and palpi are long and more or less of equal length
proboscis long and palpi short
proboscis short and palpi long
Both proboscis and palpi are short
A.
proboscis and palpi are long and more or less of equal length
Female Anopheles mosquitoes are blood suckers of vertebrates. These have long proboscis and palpi of equal in length.
The anterior V-spot in microfilaria of Wuchereria represents
nerve ring
cervical papilla
excretory system
reproductive system
C.
excretory system
V-spot in microfilaria of Wuchereria represents rudimentary excretory system. Adult Wuchereria lives in the human lymph vessels and lymph glands. It causes the disease elephantiasis or filariasis.
Which stage of malarial parasite is infective to man?
Gametocyte
Merozoite
Cryptomerozoite
Sporozoite
D.
Sporozoite
Plasmodium is digenetic, endoparasite. The stage of Plasmodium infective to man is sporozoite, which directly goes to parenchyma cells of liver. Pre erythrocytic and exoerythrocytic cycles occur in liver cells and involve schizogony.
Which one of the following life cycle stages of Wuchereria bancrofti is infective to man?
Microfilaria
1st stage larva
2nd stage larva
3rd stage larva
D.
3rd stage larva
Wuchereria or filarial worm is a diagenetic parasite. Its primary host is human and Culex mosquito is the intermediate host. When a mosquito bites an infected person, microfilarial or first stage juvenile are picked up. Inside the mosquito muscles, microfilariae transform into infectious parasite or third stage juvenile which are deposited near the site of mosquito. When this mosquito bites a healthy person, third stage juvenile or infectious parasite penetrates through the punctured skin and reach the human lymphatic system.
Which one of the following life cycle stages of malarial parasite is responsible for relapse of malarial symptoms?
Merozoite
Sporozoite
Hypnozoite
Gametocyte
A.
Merozoite
The release of merozoites of Plasmodium by the rupture of erythrocytes is accompanied by the liberation of toxic heamozoin or melanin particles that produce shivering and then fever.
The carcinoma, a type of cancer, originates from
blood
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
lymph gland
C.
epithelial tissue
Carcinoma refers to the malignant tumours or cancer of epidermal/epithelial tissues. e.g., breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, glands cancer etc.
Sarcoma is the cancer of mesodermal or connective tissues such as cancer of bone (osteoma), cancer of adipose tissue (lipoma) cancer of lymph vessels (lymphoma). Blood cancer is also known as leukaemia.
Humoral immunity is mediated by
cytotoxic T-cell
plasma cell
eosinophil
neutrophil
B.
plasma cell
Humoral refers to the non-cellular components of blood, such as plasma (these synthesize antibodies) and lymphatic fluid. The humoral immune response denotes immunologic responses that are mediated by antibodies.
The expanded name of MRI is
Medical Reserach Instrument
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Research Institute
Medical Resonance Imaging
B.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRD) is a non-invasive technique which uses strong magnetic field to generate resonance and low radio frequency in protons present in the body MRI is capable to map internal tissues, highlight pathological changes and study tissue metabolism with the help of spectroscopy.
Which one of the following genus of insects prefer to breed in clean water and their larvae lie parallel to the surface of water?
Anopheles
Culex
Aedes
Phlebotomus
A.
Anopheles
In Anopheles mosquito, the female lays 40-100, boat shaped eggs on the surface of clean water which float singly and horizontally (parallel) to the water surface.
Which one of the following is a correct match?
Filariasis - Taenia solium
Encephalitis - Culex vishnui
Malaria - Phlebotomus sp.
Kala-azar - Anopheles stephensi
B.
Encephalitis - Culex vishnui
Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of brain. It results either from a viral infection or due to the body's own immune system mistakenly attacking brain tissue. It is caused by a virus and is spread by several species of both Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. It can cause serious damage to the brain or can kill its victim.
Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by
drinking water containing egg of Ascaris
eating imperfectly cooked port
tse-tse fly
mosquito bite
A.
drinking water containing egg of Ascaris
Infection of Ascaris occurs in a healthy person due to contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc.
Mosquitos bite causes malaria due to the entry to Plasmodium parasite into the blood.
Eating imperfectly cooked pork causes trichinosis disease (parasitic disease).
Tse-tse fly causes trypanosomiasis, on infection of the central nervous system.
The cell-mediated immunity inside the human body is carried out by
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
thrombocytes
erythrocytes
A.
T-lymphocytes
T- lymphocyte receptors can recognise only antigen that bound to cell membrane proteins. These lymphocytes mediate CMI (cell mediated immunity).
B-lymphocytes are the major effector molecules of humoral immunity. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Thrombocytes or platelets secrete factors that are involved in vascular repair.
Intermediate host of malarial parasite is
pig
man
mosquito
larva of mosquito
B.
man
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infections disease caused by Plasmodium. It is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organism from its saliva into man's circulatory system (which is an intermediate host in which asexual reproduction takes place or the larval stages of animal parasites develops).
Which of the following human parasites require mosquito to complete their life-cycle?
Ascaris tumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti
Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium ovale
Ascaris lumbricoides and Leishmania donovani
Wuchereria bancrofti and Plasmodium ovale
D.
Wuchereria bancrofti and Plasmodium ovale
Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic roundworm that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. It requires female Culex mosquito in order to complete its life cycle. Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. It requires Anopheles mosquito to complete its life cycle.
In which diagnostic system, piezoelectric effect and reverse piezoelectric effect are involved?
EEG
CAT
USG
MRI
C.
USG
Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. Also, it can be defined as the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy. The inverse piezoelectric effect refers to a deformation of the materials that results from the application of an electric field.
Ultrasound is produced and detected using an ultrasound transducer. Which are capable of sending an ultrasound and then the same transducer can detect the sound and convert it to an electrical signal to be diagnosed. To produce an ultrasound, a piezoelectric crystal has an alternating current applied across it. The piezoelectric crystal grows and shrinks depending on the voltage run through it.
Immunity that develops in the foetus after receiving antibodies from mother's blood through placenta is
naturally acquired active immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
C.
naturally acquired passive immunity
Maternal passive immunity is the type of a naturally acquired passive immunity that develops in the foetus after receiving antibodies from the mother's blood through placenta by the receptor present on the placental cells (which occurs around the third month of gestation). IgG is the only antibody isotype which can pass through the placenta. IgA antibodies present in the breast milk protects foetus against bacterial infections.
X-ray is needed for
Ultrasonography
CT scanning
MRI
NMR
B.
CT scanning
Computed Tomography (CT) is a non- invasive medical examination or procedure that uses specialised X-ray equipment to produce cross- sectional images of the body. X- rays is used in diagnosis because all substances and tissues differ in their ability to absorb X-rays. Some substances are more permeable to X-rays, while some others impermeable. Thus, different tissues seem different when the X-ray film is developed.
The time interval of appearance of fever in the malarial patients depends on the types of malaria. The research evidences suggest that such time intervals are-(1) 36-48 hours, (2) 48 hours and (3) 72 hours. If any such patient experiences fever at an interval of 48 hours, then the said patient suffers from
only benign tertian malaria
quarantan malaria or mild tertian malaria
malignant tertian malaria or benign tertian malaria
mild tertian malaria or benign tertian malaria
D.
mild tertian malaria or benign tertian malaria
Mild tertian malarial fever is caused by Plasmodium ovale and benign tertian malarial fever is caused by Plasmodium vivax in which patient experiences fever at an interval of 48 hours or every other day counting inclusively. The fever is induced by the release of merozoites and their invasion of new red blood corpuscles.
Sand flies play significant role in spreading kala-azar because they
suck blood only from the patients suffering from kala-azar
convert amastigote into promastigote
engulf amastigote at the time of blood sucking from the infected persons
inject promastigote into the body of non-infected persons at the time of blood sucking
B.
convert amastigote into promastigote
C.
engulf amastigote at the time of blood sucking from the infected persons
D.
inject promastigote into the body of non-infected persons at the time of blood sucking
Kala-azar is a slow progressing indigenous disease caused by a protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania end spread by the bite of certain types of sandflies.
Sandfly takes a blood meal from the patient of kala-azar and injects its macrophages infected with amastigotes. In sandfly midgut these amastigotes gets transformed into promastigote multiply differentiate into metacyclic promastigotes and migrate to proboscis. Amastigotes again get transferred into the skin of host (non-infected person) at the time of blood sucking.
Third stage larva of Wuchereria bancrofti carried by Gulex mosquito is called
cysticercus
merozoite
microfilariae
trophozoite
C.
microfilariae
The third stage larva of Wuchereria bancrofti carried by Culex mosquito is microfilariae which are discharged in lymph vessels of man and soon reaches the blood stream. At night times they come in superficial vessels in the skin until they are not sucked by Culex mosquito.
Which one of the following is a causative agent of plague?
Shigella flexner
Bordetella pertussi
Staphylococcus aureus
Yersinia pestis
D.
Yersinia pestis
Plague is bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, cocco bacillus, facultative anaerobic bacterium that can infect humans as well as animals. It is transmitted from rodents to humans by the bite of infected fleas.
Shigella flexneri causes Shigellosis. It is a diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. It is a Gram- negative facultatively intracellular pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentary.
Bordetella pertussis causes Whooping cough. It is a Gram negative, aerobic, pathogenic.
Staphylococcus aureus can cause range of diseases such as, skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis etc. It is a Gram positive, round shaped bacterium.
Antibodies produced by a group of identical B-cells against a single epitope of an antigen is called
polyclonal antibodies
monoclonal antibodies
anti- hapten antibodies
somaclonal antibodies
B.
monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are the antibodies produced by a group of identical B- cells that are all clones of a unique parent cells. They are monospecific antibodies, that is, they react against a single epitope of an antigen.
Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body. They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope.
Anti - hapten antibodies are essential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of human health. They enable the detection of small molecules with a series of immune assays, such as ELISA.
All of the following symptoms are found in jaundice except
disorders of hepato-biliary system
abnormal secretion of pancreatic and gastric juices
bile duct obstruction
anaemia
B.
abnormal secretion of pancreatic and gastric juices
Juandice is a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by obstruction of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells.
In jaundice, there is no abnormal secretion of pancreatic and gastric juices seen. Pancreatic and gastric secretions remain unaffected during obstructive and haemolytic jaundice.
Which one of the following combinations acts as a usual antigen binding site of an antibody?
Variable regions of a light and another heavy chain
Variable regions of two light chains
Variable regions of two heavy chains
Variable region of a heavy chain and constant region of a light chain
A.
Variable regions of a light and another heavy chain
Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and two longer called heavy chains. Antigen-binding site (paratope) in an antibody includes variable regions of both heavy and light chains.
Select the correct combination of statements regarding Myasthenia gravis.
I. It is an autoimmune disorder.
II. It causes insufficient acetylcholine binding that affects muscular contraction.
III. Antibodies are developed against acetylcholine
IV. Antibodies are developed against acetylcholine receptors.
V. Antibodies are developed against acetylcholine esterase.
VI. It causes drooping of eyelids.
I, III, IV, VI
I, II, IV, VI
I, II, IV, VI
II, III, IV, V
C.
I, II, IV, VI
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease or congentital. It is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholene receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction inhibiting the excitatory effects of acetyl choline and nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions. It has following symptoms-
(i) leads to muscle weakness.
(ii) weakning of eye muscles leading to drooping of eyelids.
Select the correct combination (s) from the followings.
Encephalitis - Viral disease
Kala-azar - Phlebotomus
Rhabditiform larvae - Ascaris
Entamoeba - Sporogony
A.
Encephalitis - Viral disease
B.
Kala-azar - Phlebotomus
C.
Rhabditiform larvae - Ascaris
Kala-azar a visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Protozoa of the Leishmania genus. The insect vectors are species of sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus.
The life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides involves a single host, that is, man. The egg fertilised eggs passed with the faeces develop into a rhabditiform larva in the soil which then transforms into egg containing the second stage which is hence, infective to man.
Encephalitis or inflammation of brain results either from a viral infection or when the body's own immune system mistakenly affects brain tissue (auto immune encephalitis).
Sporogony is a major phase of the life cycle of Plasmodium, where there encysted zygote undergoes multiple division, giming rise to the sporozoites.
Study the following statements with reference to drugs and choose the incorrect one
I. Barbiturates cause sleeplessness.
II. Opioids are obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca.
III. Morphine is a very effective sedative and pain killer.
IV. Cocaine is obtained from Indian hemp plant.
I, II, III
II, III, IV
I, III, IV
I, II, IV
D.
I, II, IV
Out of all the four statements, only one is correct, that is III. Morphine is a very effective sedative and pain killer useful in patients, who have undergone surgery.
Other statements can be corrected as
I. Barbiturates reduce anxiety and causes sleep.
II. Opioids are obtained from dried latex of unripe capsular fruits of poppy plant, (Papaver somniferum).
IV. Cocaine is obtained from (Erythroxylum coca).
Match the following Columns.
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Interferons | 1. Fab |
| B. Paratope | 2. Inflammatory mediators |
| C. Interlukins | 3. Antiviral proteins |
| D. Histamine | 4. White blood cells |
| 5. Anticoagulant |
A- 3; B- 1; C- 2; D- 4
A- 3; B- 1; C- 4; D- 2
A- 3; B- 4; C- 5; D- 2
A- 3; B- 2; C- 4; D- 5
B.
A- 3; B- 1; C- 4; D- 2
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Interferons | 3. Antiviral proteins |
| B. Paratope | 1. Fab |
| C. Interlukins | 4. White blood cells |
| D. Histamine | 2. Inflammatory mediators |
Guillain Base syndrome is an autoimmune disease in humans. In this disease, antibodies are produced against.
TSH receptor on thyroid cells
Pancreatic beta cell antigen
Acetylcholine receptor of motor endplate
Myelin of peripheral nerves
D.
Myelin of peripheral nerves
The lack of immune response by lymphocytes to cells of the body is known as self-tolerance and appears to be due to the elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes by clonal deletion.
When self-toterance fails the body makes antibodies against its own components through T-cell activated B-lymphocytes. The body attack its own cells. leads to autoimmune diseases. Guillain Barre syndrome is acute inflammatory demyelina- ting polyneuropathy in which myelin of peripheral nerves is affected.
Sushi is a highly prized delicacy prepared from the flesh of Japanese puffer fish.
But recently it is found to pose health risk to humans because.
tetrodotoxin (TTX) in its gonads block Na+ channels on axons
- bungarotoxin from the fish block acetylcholine receptors
toxins in its body block different types of voltage gated by Ca2+ channels
None of the above
A.
tetrodotoxin (TTX) in its gonads block Na+ channels on axons
The gonads of puffer fish has tetradotoxin (TTX) in its gonads. This neurotransmitter blocks Na+ channels on axons and prevents the transmission of action potential. So, ingestion of only a tiny amount can be fatal.
Match the following columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below.
| Column I (Cytokine) | Column II (Function) |
| A. Gamma infection (- IFN) | 1. Stimulates TH cells in the presence of antigens |
| B. Interlukin 1 (IL- 1) | 2. Cytotoxic to tumour cells |
| C. Interlukin 2 (IL- 2) | 3. Increase macrophage activity against tumour cells |
| D. Tumour necrosis factors beta (TNF- ) | 4. Involved in the proliferation of antigen- stimulated TH cells |
A - 1; B - 4; C - 3; D - 2
A - 4; B - 3; C - 2; D - 1
A - 3; B - 1; C - 4; D - 2
A - 2; B - 3; C - 1; D - 4
C.
A - 3; B - 1; C - 4; D - 2
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Gamma interferon (- IFN) | 3. Increse macrophage activity against microbes and tumour cells |
| B. Interlukin 1 (IL - 1) | 1. Stimulates TH cells in the presence of antigens |
| C. Interlukin 2 (IL - 2) | 4. Involved in the proliferation of antigen stimulated TH cells |
| D. Tumour necrosis factors beta (TNF- ) | 2. Cutoxic to tumour cells |
Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
Cholera - Vibrio cholerae
German measles - Rubella virus
Whooping cough - Bordetella pertussis
Jaundice - Pasteurella pestis
D.
Jaundice - Pasteurella pestis
Jaundice is a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membrances and the whites of the eyes. It is caused by the increased amount of bilirubin (a waste material) in blood. Pasteurella pestis is a gram- negative, non- motile, rod shaped coccobacillus bacteria, with no spores. It can infect both humans as well as animals. It causes the disease named plague.
Match the following column I with column II
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Adenoma | 1. Cancer of muscular tissue |
| B. Lipoma | 2. Cancer of pigmented epithelium of skin |
| C. Glioma | 3. Cancer of glands |
| D. Myoma | 4. Cancer of glial cells of central nervous system |
| E. Melanoma | 5. Cancer of adipose tissue |
A - 1; B - 2; C - 3; D - 5; E - 4
A - 5; B - 4; C - 2; D - 1; E - 3
A - 4; B - 5; C - 1; D - 2; E - 3
A - 3; B - 5; C - 4; D - 1; E - 2
D.
A - 3; B - 5; C - 4; D - 1; E - 2
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Adenoma | 3. Cancer of glands |
| B. Lipoma | 5. Cancer of adipose tissue |
| C. Glioma | 4. Cancer of glial cells of central nervous system |
| D. Myoma | 1. Cancer of muscular tissue |
| E. Melanoma | 2. Cancer of pigmented epithelium of skin |
Host cells in response to viral infections produces a low molecular weight protein, that protect other cells against further viral infection. This substance is
phytotoxin
antibody
hormone
interferon
D.
interferon
Host cell in response to viral infections show a specific defence system against them. Cells invaded by a virus produce an anti-viral protein called interferon (IFN). On reaching the nearby uninfected cells, it makes them resistant to virus infection.
Tumour promoter is
substance that activates transcription in cancer cells
oncogene promoting cancer
substance that produces tumour
All of the above
D.
All of the above
Tumour promoters are one of the category of carcinogens. They promote proliferation of cells, which have undergone oncogenic transformations e.g., hormones, etc.
Abzymes are
catalytic antibodies
neutral antibodies
non-specific antibodies
defermed antibodies
A.
catalytic antibodies
In 1969, William Jencks proposed that antibodies specific for the transition state of a chemical reaction should have catalytic power. This incisive prediction was realised in 1986 when scientists found that antibodies with catalytic nature can be synthesised by using transition state analogue.
Which organ is enlarged in malarial patient?
Spleen
Kidney
Gall bladder
Liver
A.
Spleen
In malarial patient spleen size increases. It is because of filtering out of excessive destroyed RBC after the hemolysis and occurs not only during malaria, during many infectious/ non- infecious diseases following with the RBC hemolysis.
Entamoeba gingivalis is causative agent of
pyorrhoea
amoebiasis
bronchitis
no disease but aggrevates pyorrhoea
D.
no disease but aggrevates pyorrhoea
Entamoeba gingivalis is not a causative agent of pyorrhoea, it aggrevates it. The causative agent is Trichomonas tenax.
Post erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium is also called
Ross cycle
Krebs' cycle
WBCs cycle
Golgi cycle
A.
Ross cycle
Post erythrocytic cycle was studied by Sir Ronald Ross in mosquito female Anopheles. Therefore, it is called Ross cycle.
Elephantiasis is caused by
Entamoeba coli
trematodes
cestodes
Wuchereria bancrofti
D.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Elephantiasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. It is called so due to enormous swelling of affected part.
Male mosquito is not sanguivore as
it lacks cutting and biting mandibles
it does not require any kind of proteins
it lacks smelling power
All of the above
C.
it lacks smelling power
Sanguivorous feed on blood and thus have sucking type of mouth parts male mosquito has not such parts.
The movements of neutrophils to the site of inflammation is due to
release of hormone
Chemotaxis
activity of antigens
activations of antigens
B.
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. Neutrophils movement to the site of inflammation is due to chemotaxis.
Which one of the following conditions though harmful in itself, is also a potential saviour from a mosquito borne infectious disease?
Pernicious anaemia
Leukaemia
Thalassaemia
Sickle cell anaemia
D.
Sickle cell anaemia
Sickle cell anamia is a genetic disorder in which abnormal haemoglobin is formed because valine replaces glutamic acid at the sixth position in -chain. People suffering from this disease, do not suffer from malaria as the parasite fails to thrive in such RBCs.
Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorised as
cellular immunity
innate non-specific immunity
active immunity
passive immunity
D.
passive immunity
Passive immunity is the one in which the individual acquires pre-formed antibodies from outside and so is the case of the immunity that foetus/ infant/ acquires from mother via placenta or mother's milk.
Cellular immunity is a protective immune process that involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-sensitized cytotoxic T cells and the release of cytokines and chemokines in response to antigen.
Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body.
Active immunity is the immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.
Inflammation response in allergy is caused by release of one of the following by mast cells
antigenes
histamine
immunogenes
immunoglobulin
B.
histamine
An infection or allergy ortissue injury usually causes redness, swelling, pain and production of heat that may result in fever. Such an expression is locatized and is called inflammatory response, which is due to release of certain chemicals such as histamines and prostaglandins, by the damaged mast cells.
AZT is the treatment of
malaria
AIDS
TB
kala-azar
B.
AIDS
AZT is used for the treatment of AIDS. A drug called zidovudine prolongs the life of AIDS patient.
Which of the following is a mismatch?
Amphetamine - a stimulant
Morphine - an opiate narcotic
LSD - a hallucinogen
Cocaine - a sedative/ tranquillizer
D.
Cocaine - a sedative/ tranquillizer
Sedative help to overcome mental irritability and excitement, assuage pain and lower the activity which leads to drowsiness or sleep, eg, barbiturates, furazepam, etc, while tranquilizers are drugs with calming and soothing effect, eg, diazepam, nitrazepam, etc. Cocaine is a local anaesthetic, vaso constrictor and powerful stimulant obtained from- dried leaves of Erythroxylon coca (coca plant). It is not a sedative or tranquilizer.
The causative agent of filaria is
Wuchereria bancrofti
Leishmania donovani
Plasmodium vivax
Trypanosoma gambiens
A.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti causes filariasis or elephantiasis. In this disease, legs become very heavy, stout and elephant-like. It invades in lymphatic or connective tissues. It spreads by the bite of Culex mosquitos.
Which of the following. is generally used in chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, bleeding, piles, leucorrhoea etc?
Quinine
Ephidrine
Chir
Catha
D.
Catha
Cattha is generally used for disorders in which a mild non-irritating and powerful astringent is required, such as chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, bleeding, piles, leucorrhoea etc.
Male Anopheles does not transmit malarial parasite because
it catches fever
it is too small to carry parasite
the parasite is killed in its stomach
it does not drink blood
D.
it does not drink blood
Female Anopheles feeds on blood of man and large animals, while male Anopheles sucks juices of flowers and fruits only. Because of their blood-sucking adaptation, females Anopheles are medically important as carry viral, bacterial and protozoan infections.
The AIDS virus spreads through
killer 'T' cells
helper 'T' cells
suppressor 'T' cells
carrier 'T' cells
B.
helper 'T' cells
AIDS virus spreads through helper T cell present in blood.
Cancer causing genes (oncogenes) were discovered by
Watson and Crick
Beadle and Tatum
Bishop and Varamus
Temin and Baltimore
C.
Bishop and Varamus
Cancer causing genes by discovered by Bishop and Varamus.
Which of the following are most abundant types of antibodies ?
IgA
IgE
IgG
IgM
C.
IgG
Antibodies are the recognition proteins found in the serum and other body fluids of vertebrates that react specifically with the antigens inducing their formation. IgG antibody is present in serum and is the most abundant form of antibody.
The chemical used in National Malaria Eradication Programme is :
2,4- D
BHC
DDT
Pyrethroid
C.
DDT
DDT or Dichloro Diphenyl trichloroethane was synthesized by a German student and was later rediscovered by Dr. Paul Muller. It was used in National Malaria Eradication Programme to kill malaria mosquitoe Anopheles.
In the life scale of mosquito, comma shaped stage is:
larval stage
pupal stage
imago stage
none of these
B.
pupal stage
The pupa of mosquito has comma-shaped body, consisting of a swollen, unsegmented cephalothorax and a slender depressed, 9-segmented abdomen under cephalothorax.
Sponsor Area
Sponsor Area
