Physical Education Chapter 11 Psychology & Sports

Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearence.It also refers to the pattern of thoughts,feelings,self perseption,attitudes and values.
Dimensions of personality
Personality is a complete unit in itself but the unit of personality is made up of various dimensions.Such as-physical dimension,mental dimension,social dimension,and emotional dimension.
The significant dimensions of personality are below:
1.Physical dimension:It is based on the fact that first impression is the last impression.Infact physical dimension is related to good physique,good aappearence, good health,good posture,good height, body weight,and bright face etc.
2.Mental dimension:It is related to mental and intellectual strength and abilities.Many great personalities of the world were not good looking but they possessed mental and intellectual qualities.If one lays more stress on struggles and learning ,one become more intellectual. 

Oxygen Intake:It is the amount of oxygen which can be taken by the lungs from atmosphere.The oxygen intake depend on the vital capacity which further depends on the lungs size,strengh of the respiratory muscles and size of the chest cavity etc.
Oxygen uptake:The amount of oxygen which can be absorbed and consumed by the working musles from the blood is called oxygen uptake.The oxygen uptake depends on the rate of diffusion which is further determined by the speed of blood flow,temperature and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and of carbon dioxide in the muscle cell.
Effects of exercise on respiratory system:
1.Strong willpower:Regular exercises increase willpower of the individual.
2.Increase in tidal air capacity:Tidal air is amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs in each quiet respiratory movement.After doing regular exercise ,it has been noted that this tidal air capacity can be increased.
3.Increase in endurance:If exercise is perform regularly and for a long period,it increases endurance.
4.Increase in size of lungs and chest:When a person perform exercise regularly,he requires more amount of oxygen.Consequently,his lungs and chest are exercised.After some period the size of lungs and chest increase.
5.Decrease in rate of respiration:It is certain that when a beginner start exercise, his rate of respiration increases.But when the same individual perform exercise daily,his rate of respiration decreases.

1.Let your breath flow as deep down into your belly as is comfortable,without forcing it.
2.Try breathing in through your nose and out through your mouth.
3.Breath it gently and regularly.
4.Then without pausing your breath let it flow out gently counting from one to five.

Coping strategies means behavioural changes & phychological
changes, those are required to adjust an individual in the
stressful condition.
The problem focused coping strategies:
i To understand their capabilities & accept the reality.
ii Build up the self confidence
iii Reset the goad
iv Information seeking
v Self analyses the stressful situation
vi Recreation
vii Development of physical fitness
Viii Seeking social support - Teachers, coaches, trainers or experts
etc.
ix Evaluation - pros & cons of situation.

Emotion focused coping strategies:

i Crying
ii Sharing the problem with other
iii Blame to other
iv Denial of reality
v Spend more time in sports & games
vi Recreation
vii Stop negative thinking
viii Take advise from the psychatric
ix Vent out of emotions
x Ignore the stressful situation / Avoidance
xi Yoga
xii Brooding

 1. Attractive physical appearance 2. Lesser sprain and pain over joints 3. Reduces postural deformity 4. Good body balance 5. Better optimum physical efficiency  6. Improves health status 7. Better functioning of body system

Sheldon classification types on the basis of physique and temperament. a.) Endomorphic: body type is solid and soft. They have tendency to store fats. They also have wider and higher waist. Their built is shorter with thick limbs. They are very fond of comfort and are sociable. b.)Mesomorphic: body type has large bones and muscles. They easily gain or lose weight. They are assertive and energetic. They also love adventure. c.) Ectomorphic : physique is a typical skinny person. They have a light build with small joints and lean muscles. Temperament of Ectomorphs is marked by inhibition and restraints. OR Personality has four basic types: Type “A” personality: described as competitive and high achievers. They have high sense of time and always try to finish their job in time, always busy and easily aroused to anger. Type “B” personality: extrovert, very entertaining and do not get stressed. Can be achievers but do want to be competitive. Finish work at last moment. Type “C” personality: find about how the things work. Cautious and reserved in nature. Not assertive and suppress their desires and emotions. Susceptible to depression. Type “D” personality: negative outlook towards life. Resist any form of change. Not adventurous and resist responsibility. They withdraw as a result of fear of rejection. Suppress their emotions.

 It is known that fitness and wellness makes an individual physically fit,mentally stable and helps becoming a good citizen. Fitness helps individual achieve satisfactory level of strength, endurance and flexibility. It further improves the confidence and energy level. One feels more energetic and fresh for the whole day. It also leads to sound sleep followed by more relaxed body which leading to mental satisfaction and social stability. Body becomes more resistant to general ailments. Fitness improves efficiency of heart and lungs by improving cardio-respiratory fitness. It helps in maintaining normal blood pressure of the body. In nutshell, we can say – fitness and wellness helps to achieve the aim of physical education i.e. – “All round development of personality of the individual”.
Principles of fitness:-

1. Before taking any fitness programme one go for medical check-up.
2. One can take-up the fitness program at any age.
3. Fitness program must be scientifically chalked out depending on age,sex and ability.
4. Programme must be simple to complex.

 (a) Hostile Spectators. Hostile Spectators are those spectators whose behaviours and attitudes are not positive and appropriate. Such spectators create disturbance to the players. Such spectators usually create hinderences in the path of creating positive sports environment.
(b) Favourable Spectators. Favourable Spectators are those spectators who love fair play. They always appreciate the good movement or action of a player. They usually try to motivate the players to put up better p·erformance. Such spectators are beneficial for creating a positive sports environment.

 Role of an individual in improvement of sports environment; An individual can' playa very effective role in the improvement of sports environment for prevention of sports related accidents. For this purpose a we!! planned and coordinated programme should be chalked out to minimise the accidents in the field of sports. So, an individual must have the knowledge of such factors which may cause accidents in sports. An individual must have the knowledge of fitness, skill, psychological status and overall intelligence of players He must lay stress on sports facilities, protective equipments, climatic conditions and proper officiatory and coaching.

Goal setting as a Technique of Motivation; Goal setting is one of the most important techniques of motivation. If you do not set a goal, you cannot achieve apex position in your life. So, the sportspersons should be encouraged to set few ambitious but achievable longterm goals. They should set goals according to their capabilities and capacities. To keep them on the track with their long-term goals, sportspersons should also set the appropriate medium-term goals as well as short-term goals. For example, if a sportsperson wants to get position in Olympic Games, he should also set medium-term and short-term goals for getting positions at Asian Games and National Games respectively. Goals should be monitored on a regular basis. The coaches or physical education teachers should not be too rigid while setting goals for a sportsperson. There should be some flexibility in their approach.

Stanley Hall has rightly said that adolescence is the period of great stress and strain. storm and strife. In fact. it is a period of fast growth and development. During thiS age. many bodily or physical changes take place During this age every adolescent needs selfsupport. He wants to take his own place in society He desires to live a fruitful life. He begins to feel himself important. Due to some mental and emotional problems he finds difficulty in cooperating others. He does not get proper adjustment. He usually faces anxiety. They become irritated easily. During this age adolescents also face the problems related to sex. They feel restless due to their sexual urge. It has also been observed that adolescents want to adopt their own way. But society creates many hindrances in their path. They usually revolt against the social customs and traditions It can be said that during this period many physical, mental, physiological, social and emotional changes take place in them. Owing to these changes adolescents face stress and strain. Hence, it can be said definitely that adolescence is an age of stress and strain.

' Important National Sports Awards
(i) Arjuna Award
(ii) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award
(iii) Dhyanchand Award
(iv) Dronacharya Award
(v) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy Arjuna Award.
Arjuna award- is the supreme honour, which is awarded to sportspersons by the Government of India. This award is given to such sportsperson, who achieves extraordinary position during that year and who has been giving extraordinary performance during the past three years. This award was started in 1961. Arjuna award includes a statue of Arjuna (Mahabharata) made of bronze, a diploma and ~ 5 lakh in cash. This award is given in the memory of Arjuna of Mahabharata.
Rules for Arjuna Award.
Following are the rules for Arjuna Award:
1. Its main aim is to ameliorate the standard of sports in the country.
2. The Government of India demands the list of sportspersons from National Sports Federations which are recognised by the Government of India. This list is submitted every year on a fixed date
3. Generally, thiS award IS given to only male player of a game but this can be given to a female player of th,,' same game
4. The fixed date can be extended by the Government of India
5. The Government of India forms a special committee which vividly inspects the list of players already sent by various iederatlons of sports After proper inspection. the special committee sends thiS list to the GovernMent of India.
6. If the Government of India does not receive any list from Sports Federations in any year, then it may give this award to any specific player for that year.
7. Any sports federation can send a list of three players to the Government of india. Thougl1 Government of India gives award to only one player but in case of a female, she can also be awarded. So, maximum two players, i.e. one male and one female can be selected for the award from a game.
8. The final decision regarding Arjuna Award lies in the hands of the Government of India.
9. The Government of India decides the date and venue for the presentation of Arjuna Award.
10. Arjuna award cannot be presented to a player, at second time.
11. Arjuna award can also be given posthumously.
12. The Government of India can nullify the award of any sportsperson.
13. The decision of the Government of India is last and final regarding these rules. There cannot be any hearing about such cases.

I) Yes, protective gears are important to prevent a sportsperson from injuries.
II) i) Clean the affected part with fresh water
    ii) Use clean sterilized gauze to wipe the affected part
    iii) Antiseptic ointment should be used
    iv) Refer to the doctor in case of serious injury

Motivation is an internal force on which our behaviour or activity depends.
Techniques of Motivation-
i) Intrinsic
- Goal setting
- Self appraisal
- Auto suggestion
-Positive attitude
ii) Eccentric
- Praise ,appreciation and criticism
- Record of success and achievement
- Better facilities
- Pep talk by coaches/trainer
- Cash prizes, Certificates and trophies
- Role of pear group and society
- Role of spectators
- Role model 

Physiological factors determining speed are – (with brief explanation of all)
i)Mobility of the nervous system /Reaction time
ii)Muscle composition
iii) Explosive strength
iv) Cardiovascular efficiency
v) Bio-chemical reserves and metabolic power.

Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance. Personality also refer to the pattern of thoughts, feeling, social adjustment and behaviour etc.
Different of personality (Explanation of each)
i) Physical dimension
ii) Mental dimension
iii) Social dimension
iv) Emotional dimension

1. Improve Physical Self
2. Self Confidence
3. Ability to solve problem
4. Stop comparing yourself to others
5. Self Discipline
6. Non-Blaming Behaviour
7. Good self care.
8. Self Respect
9. Own appearance
10. Beliefs
11. Control on emotions and behaviours

Three ways to improve self-esteem.

1. Welcome the frankness and truth-telling of children.
2. Teach adolescents to maintain healthy self-esteem.
3. Encourage expressions of love into the family atmosphere and relation.

Three types of coping strategies:

1. Problem-focused coping strategies.
2. Emotional focused coping strategies.
3. Appraisal-focused coping strategies.

Symptoms of stress: Memory problem; inability to concentrate; poor judgement; anxious; constant worrying; irritability; short temper; agitation; unhappy; aches and pain; rapid heartbeat; sleeping variation.

Emotional focused coping strategies involve releasing and controlling emotions like distracting oneself, managing hostel feeling, meditating or using systematic relaxation procedure. These strategies are oriented towards managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress.

Emotional focused coping strategies are used to handle feeling of distress, rather than actual problem situation. The main focus is on emotions like accept new task rather saying ‘no’ to a new task; imagine or dream about the better situation; plan yourself for the situation avoid everything that is related to stress; get social support to reduce stress.

Conscientiousness: A Common feature of this dimension include a high level of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal direction behaviours. Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organised and mindful of details. Such people are efficient, careful and vigilant. They exhibit a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully and aim for achievement. They remain planned, systematic, and neat, though, self-organised and think very carefully before the act.

Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic Motivation is external. It occurs when external factors compel to do something. Motivation is always extrinsic, when external forces, positive or negative produce a behavioural change. Reward, punishment, praise, blame or cash price are an example of extrinsic motivation. It has been found that such devices motivate some person more strongly than others.

Motivation is one of the main psychology factors which effects the performance. Motivation means to be inspired to do something. The definition of motivation is to give reason, enthusiasm or interest that causes a specific action or certain behaviour.

Types of motivation

Intrinsic motivation- Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance or desire.

Extrinsic motivation: Extrinsic motivation is external. It occurs when external factors compel the person to do something.

Personality is defined as the enduring personal characteristics.

Stress is your body's response to certain situations. stress is subjective. Stress can affect your physical and mental health, and your behavior.

Self-esteem is the mental image we create of what we think, we look like.

Body image of a person is the scene of his own physical appearance and personality.

Anxiety has been defined as a disturbed state of the body.

Coping is expanding conscious effort to solve personal or interpersonal problems and seeking to minimised or tolerate stress or conflict.

Negative body image means being unhappy with the way you look.

Positive body image means the way you look and feel good about your body.

Techniques for sports management:

1. Participation in physical activities.
2. Building self-confidence.
3. Relaxation techniques.
4. Developing hobbies.
5. Avoided company of stress person.
6. Staying cool and confident under pressure.

Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance. Personality is a dynamic and organised set of characteristics poises by a person that influences his/her cogitation, imitations, motivations and behaviours in a different type of situations.

Meaning: - Stress consists of bodily change produce by physiological conditions that tend to upset the homeostatic balance.

Effects: The effects of stress depends on the intensity of the stressor. In the same situation, one individual may interpret a stressor as a non- stressor, another individual as a moderate stressor and yet another individual as a major stressor. So the effect of the stressor depends on the effect of a stressor is sever, it can cause severe health problems and in extreme cases, it can even cause death. Generally, it causes headaches, eating disorder, allergies, insomnia, backaches, frequent cold, fatigue, hypertension, asthma, diabetes, heart ailments and cancer, etc.

Today, with the rapid diversification of human activity the maximum number of adults are facing stress-related problems.

In the situation of stress, the brain prepares the body to take defensive action (the fight or flight response) by releasing stress hormones which are called cortisone and adrenaline. These hormones remain unused in the blood for a long time. It results in stress-related physical symptoms, such as tense muscles, anxiety, dizziness and fast heartbeats.

This state of accumulated stress can increase the risk of psychosomatic illness. It also weakens the immunity power of the body. It may lead to the loss of potassium, white blood cells and the body weight of the person.

Meaning of anxiety: The main aim of physical education teachers, trainer, coaches and sports psychologists is to enhance an individual’s performances. In fact, anxiety is a psychological and physiological state of an individual. It is characterised by cognitive, emotional and behavioural components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling, which is associated with uneasiness, fear or worry.

Management of Anxiety: here our main concern is about performance-related anxiety. It is well-known fact that anxiety is accompanied by physiological arousal. Coaches as well as physical education teachers persistently attempt to find the optimum level of physiological arousal and that arousal allows the sports persons to perform their best.

An arousal level that is too low or too high can have a negative effect on performance. A high level of arousal in sports - person can cause deterioration of coordination, lack of flexibility and lack of accuracy. So, it is important for each sport - person to find his/her optimum level of physiological arousal for given activity.

Breathing technique: Do a deep breathing exercise. Breathing exercises contract the diaphragm, muscles, chest cavity and stomach cavity. It is the best and healthiest way to ingest oxygen, which gives body relaxation and treats anxiety disorder.

Meditation: meditation is a very effective tool to concentrate. It is very helpful to remove all types of stress, fear, pain and anxiety.

Goal setting: Clearly defined goals have to measure success; whereas to lofty goals overwhelm you. Always choose a possible, challengeable and achievable goal. It keeps you away from anxiety.

Five breadth technique: This technique can be used in standing, lying or sitting position. First of all, take a deep breath and allow your face and neck to relax as you breathe out. Then take a second deep breath and allow your shoulders and arms to relax as you breathe out. After that take, third deep breathe and allow your chest, stomach and back to relax as you breathe out.

Personality is defined as the enduring personal character Of individuals.

Dimensions of personality:

Emotionality: Emotional stability or control over emotions such as anger, fear, love, hate etc. is another requirement of a good personality. An emotionally unstable person can be a threat to himself and the society. Man can’t be free of emotions but emulation of an individual getting out of control can create many problems for the individuals and society. In fact, emotional control is a sign of the good mental health of individuals and is, therefore, an important indicator of personality.

Sociability: Sociability is a very important quality of an individual’s personality. Since an individuals and society cannot be a spreader, and individually looked upon in the context of society.

Intellect: Man is considered the supreme creation of god due to this intelligence. His intelligence adds charm to his personality. A good physical without mind and intellect has no meaning. The intellectual quality of individuals is appreciated by others and help them in becoming leaders in many fields. These qualities enhance his personality.

Types of stress:

acute Stress: That type of stress generate for a very short period but the intensity of the stress is very high. It causes less harm.

Chronic Stress: That type of stress generate for the long time period but the intensity of stress is low. It is more harmful.

Types of anxiety:

State Anxiety: This type of anxiety generate in a particular situation.

Permanent Anxiety: This type of anxiety always associated with an individual in all the situation that is more harmful than the state anxiety.

“It is the most characteristic integration of an individual’s structure, mode of behaviour, interest, attitudes, capacities, aptitudes, and abilities.

“Personality is the sum total of all biological innate disposition impulses, tendencies, appetites and instincts of the individual and disposition and tendencies acquired by experience”.

The word motivation is derived from the latin word “movere” which means to move so in the condition of motivation an individual is moved by internal & external forces towards the goal.

To understand their capabilities & accept the reality.

1. Build up the self-confidence
2. Reset the goal
3. Information seeking
4. Self-analyses the stressful situation
5. Recreation
6. Development of physical fitness
7. Seeking social support - Teachers, coaches, trainers or experts etc.
8. Evaluation - pros & cons of situation.

Motivation are of two types.

Intrinsic motivation: motivation an individual is forced by his internal forces to achieve the goal. Intrinsic motivational state “an individual is motivated by their own desire not by any external factor” i.e. enjoyment, satisfaction, to show mastery over skills, to display superiority or to get social approval, fame etc.

Extrinsic Motivation: motivation an individual is forced by the external forces to achieve the goal such as a prize, praise, scholarship, grade, job, money etc. In the extrinsic motivational state, “an individual is motivated by some external factors.

Personality can be classified in two ways:

1. Physical basis (Sheldon)
2. Mental basis

On a physical basis, personality further cateogrised into three types:

1. Endomorphic - Fatty, round, cheerful, short height.
2. Mesoporhic - Strong build up, tall, properly shaped body, cheerful
3. Ectomorphic - Thin, long, depressed.

Mental basis: 

1. Extrovert: High self-confidence, social-friendly, make more friend, confident, responsive, lively, leader.
2. Introvert: Poor self-confidence, talkative, busy in own moody, unsocial pessimist, quiet, rigid.
3. Ambivert: Moderate confidence level, makes few friends. It has the mix qualities of extrovert and introvert.

Stress consists of bodily changes produced by the physiological condition that tends to upset the homeostatic balance. Some below mentions Techniques have a positive effect on reducing stress.

1. Accept our capabilities & limits: an individual has to accept his own capabilities & his limit. Look for the upside in a situation that whenever the most stressful circumstances can be an opportunity for learning or more personal growth. When he accepted the reality. he knows very well up to which level he can performance things beyond his performance level will not give him stress.
2. Physical fitness: Effect of stress can be minimised by increasing the level of physical fitness of an individual. The goal of stress management is to use stress advantageously, not to eliminate all from one’s life. Too little or too severe stress lowers the performance.
3. Yoga :By the yogic exercises, the level of the stress can be minimised such as pranayanes, dhyan, savasana etc.
4. Psychological strong: The level of stress & its bad effects can be minimised in an individual by make him psychological strong and taking the advice of guidance counseller if required.
5. Balance diet: Balance diet helps an individual to avoid the stress condition and to minimise the effect of stress. We have to take plenty of water, minerals & vitamins to avoid the stressful condition or to minimize its effects.
6. Avoid the company with stressful people: To avoid stress it is necessary to avoid the company with people who are already living with stress.
7. Environment: If we make the environment according to our interest then only & we will able to enjoy the environment which can be made interesting by in ending the various things such as music, Audience etc.
8. Exercise: Exercise play vital role to reduce stress in our body by producing harmones which helpful for us to keep our self away from the stress.
9. Avoid stressful thoughts: Stressful thoughts should be avoided, to reduce the level of stress.
10. Relaxation techniques: Deep Breathing, pranayam, etc. can be used to relax our body to minimize the stress.
11. Self / Auto suggestions : Help to self suggestion or self counselling minimize the stress eg: all is well, Yes I can.
12. Busy Attitude: Aloneness can increase the level of stress because in the alone condition we can not share our views/thoughts about the stress or the source of stress. So to avoid the stress or to minimize the bad effects of stress, keep ourself busy with various life skills.
13. Load: Our daily life load such as training, homework, duties, etc. can increase stress. To change or modify the load/ task can reduce the stress.
14. Education: Education help an individual to understand the stress, When an individual gets all the knowledge about the stress then. It is easy to manage the level.

1. Physical Dimension : Personality is the physical appearance of an individual. If an individual has good appearance long height, proper shape body, strong muscles will be counted as good personality. The First impression of an individual personality his body and intellectual abilities.
2. Mental Dimension: An individual as good mental ability then only his personality will be counted as good personality e.g. there are many intellectual persons whose personality is counted as good personality although they not have a good physique but they have extra ordinary mental & intellectual qualities.
3. Social Dimension: A good personality is sociable & socialising. The social qualities like character, morality, etiquette, manners, work ethics, friendliness, good attitude, helpful nature, cooperation, sympathy & kinds etc. qualities or traits & essential for sound personality.
4. Emotional Dimension: Emotion dimension is related to emotional stability. To have emotional stability is essential aspect of one’s personality. It means that one must have proper control over various emotions such as fear, anger disgust, distress, amusement or happiness etc. in a different situation. For example many sportsmen those have not good emotional control their personality will not be counted as a good person although they have good physical, mental & social base.

Personality, “Personality is that qualiting which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation”.

The personality of an individual consists of four dimensions such as physical, mental, intellectual, social & emotional. Sports & games play a vital role in the development of all aspects of personality in the following ways :-

1. Physical development: When an individual participates in the sports & games, he goes through various kinds of exercise activities & Training programme. These training programme & exercise make him physically good. His physique becomes strong & ultimate and his appearance becomes attractive & impressive. The physical base is the Ist dimension of personality which can be easily develop through the games & sports.
2. Mental Development : Mental capabilities & intelligence can be improved with help of participatation in sports & games. We learn many techniques, tacties, skills, rules & regulation, fitness exercises learning of all these, improve the mental motor coordination.
3. Social Development: When an individual participate in various the training programme, tournaments, he comes in the contract of various peoples such as our teammates, other team members, coaches, officials, audience etc. From there he learns a lot of good social qualities like co-operation, courtesy, fair play sportsmanship, tolerance, sympathy, brotherhood, the obedience of rules & regulations to remain in discipline, respect, self-respect etc.
4. Emotional development: when an individual participates in games & sports he deals many Situation-wanted & unwanted, make him/her emotionally strong. Sportsmen to learn to tackle & behave in very stable manners in any situation. By these participation, stable emotion all personality development in the various situation is in a loving situation.

“Psychology means a study of human behaviour in different situations”. Regular exercises are important to develop the good concept towards the life. i.e.

1. Reduce depression
2. To Improve the mental abilities.
3. To Make psychological strong.
4. To Enhance the learning abilities.
5. Make a personality attractive.
6. Boosts the memory & decision abilities.
7. Improve the growth & development process.
8. Enhance self-esteem.
9. Improve the motor learning process.
10. Improve the abilities to cope indifferent unwanted situation.
11. Help to control & release the emotions.
12. Help to control the anxiety.
13. Reduces stress.

Motivation is the general level of arousal to action in an individual”.

1. Following mention techniques of motivations are applied to the sportsperson, which can enable them to achieve the top position in the field of sports & games.
2. Evaluation: evaluation makes & aware the sportsmen from his abilities & motivate him/her for a higher position.
3. Variety: Variety in the training programme make the practice & developments more interesting and always to motivate the sportsman to perform better to best.
4. Role of spectators: The presence of Audience/ spectators help to sportsman to perform in dynamic form too.
5. Criticism: Criticism for the poor performance of athlete to motivate to perform better.
6. Cash prizes, scholarship etc:- Good incentive to the sportspersons always motivate & strives hard to achieve better in the competitions which help to win the laurels for their society.
7. Latest equipment: Use of latest equipment in training make the training more interested & motivated the athlete to achieve the goal.
8. Practice session: By reducing the length of practice an athlete is motivated to continue in their training and to achieve the goals.
9. Resetting of Goal: Resetting of goal from easy to complex motivate an athlete to continue in training to achieve the goals.