India And The Contemporary World Ii Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement In Indo-China

Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential goods. French colonisation was not based only on economic exploitation. It was also driven by the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. Like the British in India, the French claimed that they were bringing modern civilisation to the Vietnamese. They took for granted that Europe had developed the most advanced civilisation. So it became the duty of the Europeans to introduce these modern ideas to the colony even if this meant destroying local cultures, religions and traditions, because these were seen as outdated and prevented modern development.

Huynh Phu so was the founder of the movement named Hoa-Hao in Indo China. He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had wide appeal. He opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by him. They declared him mad and put him in a mental asylum. He was exiled to Laos. His followers were also arrested and placed in concentration camps.

This was largely because of a deliberate policy of failing students, particularly in the final year, so that they could not qualify for the better- paid jobs. Usually, as many as two-third of the students failed. In 1925, only 400 students out of a total population of 17 million were passed school leaving examinations.

The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works-canals and earthworks-built mainly with forced labour, increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market. The area under rice cultivation went up from 2,74,000 hectares in 1873 to 1.1 million hectares in 1900 and 2.2 million hectares in 1930. Vietnam exported two-thirds of its rice production and by 1931 had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world.

In 1962 a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School. A Vietnamese girl sitting in one of the front seats was asked to move to the back of the class and allow a local French student to occupy the front bench. When the girl refused, she was expelled by the Principal, also a colon. When the angry students protested they too were expelled, leading to a further spread of open protests. Seeing the situation getting out of control, the government forced the school to take the students back.

When the French set about creating a modern Vietnam, they decided to rebuild Hanoi with modern engineering skill. The French part of Hanoi was beautiful as a beutiful and clean city while the ‘Native quarter’ was not provided with any modern facilities. The refuse and filth from the old city drained straight into the river, which overflowed into the streets during heavy rain. Thus what was installed to create a hygiene enviroment became a cause of the plague. The large sewers used in modern Hanoi became the ideal breeding ground for rats. The rats moved around the city without any problem. And rats began to enter the well-cared-for homes of French through the sewage pipes. 

The Tonkin Free School was set-up in 1907 to provide a Western-style education. This education included classes in science, hygiene and French. The school approach to what it means to be ‘modern’ is a good example of the thinking prevalent at the time.

(i) The school emphasised that it was not enough only to learn science and Western ideas. The Vietnamese also had to look modern.

(ii) The school encouraged the adoption of Western styles such as having a short haircut. For the Vietnamese this meant a major break with their own identity since they traditionally kept long hair.

Phan chu Trinh's Objectives was to establish a democratic republic, profoundly on the democratic ideals of the west.

(i) Phan Chu Trinh was a nationalist Vietnamese leader. He was intensely hostile to monarchy and was opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court.

(ii) He rejected revolutionary ideas of Phan Boi Chau. Unlike him he did not want a wholesale rejection of the western civilization.

(iii) He accepted the French revolutionary ideals of the liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal.

(iv) He had demanded that the French set up legal and educational institutions, and develop agriculture and industries.

Even when an independent country was established in what is now northern and central Vietnam, its rulers continued to maintain the Chinese system of goverment as well as Chinese culture.

(i) Vietnam was also linked to what has been called the maritine silk route that brought in goods, people and ideas.

(ii) Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Confucius  was a great thinker, religious leader and philosopher of China, whose teachings affected many neighbouring countries including Vietnam.

(iii) The construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network by the French to link the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China also brought the two countries - China and Vietnam - closer to each other.

(iv) The elites in Vietnam were educated in Chinese and Confucianism.

An early movement against French control and spread of Christianity was the Scholars’ Revolt in 1868. This was led by officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power. There was an uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousands catholics were killed. Catholic missionaries had been active in converting people to Christianity since the early seventeenth century, and by the middle of the eighteenth century had converted some 300,000. This had angered the people of these provinces and led to the uprising. Though this uprising was crushed by the French, it had inspired the people of other regions to rise against the French colonialism.

One such movement was the Hoa Hao. It began in 1939 and gained popularity in Mekong Delta area. It drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprisings of the nineteenth century. The founder of Hoa Hao was Huynh Phu So. He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure, opposition to the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium had a wide appeal. The French tried to suppress the movement led by Huynh Phu So and declared him mad, called him the Mad Bonze and put him in a mental asylum. These movements were against French control and spread of Christianity. They were anti-colonial. Thus these movements played an important role in arousing anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

The US policy planners were scared at the victory of Ho Chi Minh government and had thought it would start domino effect- communist goverments would be established in other countries in the area. Inorder to stop the communists from gaining power US decided to intervene decisively and start war against Vietnam

Effects of the involvement of US in Vietnam on life of the America:

(a) US intervention led to a prolonged war between Vietnamese and United States of America. Even though US had advanced technology and good medical supplies casualties were high.

(b) Many were critical of the goverment for getting involved in a war that they saw as indefensible.

(c) When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger spread. Compulsory service in the armed forces, however, could be waived for university graduates. This meant that many of those sent to fight did not belong to the priviledged elite but were minorities and children of working class- families.

(d) Many books were written and films were made to expose the disastrous effect of the war, e.g. John Coppala’s Apocalypse reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the US.

(a) A porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail: It symbolises how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage. The trail, an immense network of footpath and roads, was used to transport men and material from the noth to south. The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs, or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.

(b) A Woman Soldier: In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated. Stories were written to show how happy they felt when they joined the army and could carry a rifle. Some stories spoke of their incredible bravery in single-handedly killing the enemy— Nguyen Thi Xuan, for instance, was reputed to have shot down a jet with just twenty bullets.

The role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam:

(i) In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated. Stories were written to show how happy they felt when they joined the army and could carry a rifle.

(ii) Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers: they were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other. Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country. As casualties in the war increased in the 1960s, women were urged to join the struggle in larger numbers.

(iii) Many women responded and joined the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail, young volunteers kept open 2,195 km. of strategic roads and guarded 2,500 key points.

(iv) Between 1965 and 1975, out of the 17,000 youth who worked on the trail, 70 to 80 per cent were women. One military historian argues that there were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.

(v) By the 1970s, as peace talks began to get underway and the end of the war seemed near, women were no longer represented as warriors. Now the image of women as workers begins to predominate. They are shown working in agricultural co-operatives, factories and production units, rather than as fighters.

Comparison between the role of Vietnamese women and the role of Indian women in nationalist struggle of India:

(i) Some Indian women join political parties since beginning and participation in meetings organised against the British government. Even some of the women went in Europe and US to join secret society to help revolutionists and to become active participant of Gadar Party.

(ii) During the age of Bal, Pal and Lal (the three great radical leaders of the Indian National Movement), women participated in anti-Bengal Partition Movement, Boycott and Swadeshi Movement during the age of Gandhi. They joined first and second Non-Cooperation movements.

(iii) The main impressive features of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-1940 was the large scale participation of Indian women. During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas these women were from high-caste families, in rural areas they came from rich peasant households.

(iv) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women, yet this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualised. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

A.

In 1945

A.

Laos

B.

Vietnam

C.

Cambodia

A.

It means faith in reason and science

C.

1858

A.

In 1887

B.

1.1 million hectares

C.

3rd

B.

A weapon merchant

D.

An influential writer and policy maker

A.

1907

A.

1920s

B.

In 1903

A.

Rat

B.

A Chinese philosopher

A.

1868

D.

Huynh Pho So

C.

Phan Boi Chau

A.

Nghe An and Ha Trinh

C.

1940

B.

National Liberation Front

A.

Vietnam gained independence in 1945 and became a Republic in the same year.

B.

Most of the trail was inside Vietnam.

B.

1802

A.

rice cultivation and rubber plantations

D.

All of these

A.

China

B.

Ngo Dinh Diem

A.

In 1911

D.

all of these

B.

A French law that permitted Christianity but out lawed Buddhism.

A.

Ho Chi Minh

A.

Plague

C.

He did not study at French schools.

A.

1976

D.

This revolt was led by religious leaders at the imperial court

B.

Japan occupied Vietnam in 1935

A.

League for the independence of Vietnam

A.

This was because Vietnamese could not qualify for the better paid jobs

B.

30 April, 1975

D.

All of these

D.

all of these

D.

Vietnam was divided into two parts-South Vietnam and the North Vietnam

D.

Essential for supply of natural resources

A.

A belief that the Europeans are the most superior and has a duty to civilize the natives of colonies

B.

Trung sisters

B.

He laid the foundation of a democratic form of government

D.

 They looked for foreign arms and help to drive out the French from Vietnam

(a) Rationalism: It means faith in reason and science.

(b) Partial modernization: A policy of introducing modernisation in some respects and blocking and preventing it in other respects.

(c) Humanism: It means faith in man and confidence in the capacity of man to remodel nature and society.

(d) Individualism: It means that individual is supreme and the state and society exist only for his welfare.

(e) Liberalism: It means freedom in outlook and thinking to solve all social ills in order to make the life of man happy and prosperous.

(a) Francis Garnier: Francis Gamier was a French officer who led an attack against the ruling Nghyen dynasty in Hanoi and had explored Mekong river.

(b) Nguyen Dien Chieu: Nguyen Dien Chieu was a blind poet of Indo-China, lived between 1822-88. This great poet bemoaned what was happening to his country.

(c) Do Sam: Do Sam was a colonel in the North Vietnamese artillery regiment. He was a part of the Tet Offensive started in 1968 to unify North and South Vietnam and won the battle against US.

(d) Trien Au: A woman who organised a large army and resisted Chinese rule in the third century C.E. When her army was crushed, she drowned herself. She became a sacred figure, not just a martyr who fought for the honour of the country.

(a) Port of Faifo: The port of Faifo was founded by Portuguese merchants. It was one of the ports used by European trading companies much before the nineteenth century.

(b) Electrical Fuses: These were Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces in Vietnam. These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition, and have been called the 'electrical fuses' of Vietnam-when the system was under pressure they were first to blow.

(c) Concentration Camp: It was a prison where people were detained without due process of law. In short, it was a place of torture and brutal treatment.

Vietnam gained formal independence in 1945. Nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against the French and all they represented.

Some policy-maker emphasised the need to use the French language as the medium of instruction. By learning French, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and Civilization of France. This would help create an 'Asiatic France solidly tied to European France'. The educated people of Vietnam would be civilized enough to respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French.

There were others who were opposed to the idea of making French language the only medium of instruction. They wanted that in lower classes Vietnamese should be the medium and French should be the medium for the higher classes.

The reasons for conflict against the French were:

(i) French growing control on military and economic feild.

(ii) The French tried to shape the culture of the Vietnam by introducing western education and living style among the Vietnamese.

(iii) Interference in Vietnam's religious belief with the introduction of Christianiaty.

Main objectives of the French to develop the infrastructural projects in Vietnam was to ensure the supply of natural resources and other necessary goods.

(i) They began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation work-canals and earth work-built mainly with forced labour.This increased rice production and allowed the export of rice in international market.

(ii) To facilitate trade, various projects started to transport goods for trade, to move military garrisons and control the entire region. Construction of trans-Indo-China rail network was began that linked northern Vietnam with southern parts of Vietnam.

(iii) Link with Yaman in China was completed in 1910 and another to connect Vietnam with Siam or Thailand.

To stem this:
(i) a rat hunt was started in 1903.

(ii) The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught.

The new Vietnamese Republic faced a number of challenges:

(i) The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as their puppet. The Vietminh were forced to retreat to the hills.

(ii) In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat, the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and South were split.

(iii) A civil war broke out between the two parts of Vietnam. This war brought death and destruction to its people as well as the environment.

(iv)Worried about the communists gaining power in Vietnam, the USA decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms. This was proved costly for Vietnam and America as well.

It was written by Phan Boi Chau.

The book focuses on two connected themes: The loss of sovereignty and the severing of the ties with China- ties that bound the elites of the two countries within a shared culture.

In the first decade of the twentieth century a 'go east movement' became popular.

(i) Go East Movement was, movement which was launched in the first decade of the twentieth century in Vietnam.

(ii) In 1907-08, some 300 Vietnamese nationalist students went to Japan to acquire modern education.

(iii) For most of them, the primary objective was to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet emperor and establish the Nguen dynasty that had been deposed by the French.

(iv) These nationalists looked for foreign arms and help. They appealed to the Japanese help as fellow Asians.

The government which was established in South Vietnam, with the support of the US, refused to abide by the decisions of the Geneva Conference with regard to the holding of elections and the unification of Vietnam.

Hundreds of thousands of the US troops were sent there with some of the most advanced weaponary to suppress the popular uprising.

The Great Depression of the 1930s had a deep impact on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the provinces of Ngu An and Ha Tien. These provinces were among the poorest and had an old radical tradition, and have been called the 'electrical fuses' of Vietnam.

There were two broad opinions on this question.

(i) Some policy-makers emphasised the need to use the French language, by learning French, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced  to the cultures and civilisation of France. This would, help create an Asiatic France solidly tied to European France.

(ii)Others were opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes, and French in the higher classes. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship.

Ho Chi Minh had identified himself with the cause of Vietnam.
1.Born as Nguyen Van Thanh in Central Vietnam, he studied at French school that produced leaders such as Ngo Dinh Diem, Vo Nguyen Giap and Pham Van Dong. He briefly taught in 1910, and in 1911, learnt baking and took a job on a French liner on the Saigon-Marseilles run.

2. Minh became an active member of the Commintern, meeting Lenin and other leaders. In May 1941, after 30 years abroad in Europe, Thailand and China, Minh finally returned to Vietnam.

3. In 1943, he took the name Ho Chi Minh (He Who Enlightens). He became the President of the Vietnam Democratic Republic. Ho Chi Minh died on 3 September, 1969. He led the party successfully for over 40 years, struggling to preserve Vietnamese autonomy.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

The French commander in Indo-China, G N Navarre's plan had backfired at Dien Bien Phu.
(i)At Dien Bien Phu the French were outwitted by the Vietminh forces led by General Vo Nguyen Giap.

(ii) The French Commander, Navarre, had not thought of all the problems he would face in the battle. The valley where French garrisons were located was flooded in the monsoon and the area was covered with bushes, making it difficult to move troops and tanks, or trake the Vietminh’s anti-aircraft guns hidden in the jungle.

(iii) From their base in the hills, the Vietminh surrounded the French garrisons in the valley below, digging trenches and tunnels to move without being detected. Supplies and reinforcements could not at reach the besieged French garrison, the wounded French soldiers could not be moved, and the French airstrip became unusable because of continuous artillery fire.

(iv) Dien Bien Phu became a very important symbol of struggle. It strengthened Vietminh conviction in their capacity to fight powerful imperial forces through determination and proper strategy. Stories of the battle were retold in villages and cities to inspire people.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Phan Boi Chau was a nationalist who wrote a play based on the lives of the Trung Sisters.
His play depicts the Trung Sisters as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese.

Phan Chu Trin was a nationalist, who was intensely hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court.

Phan Chu Trinh desire was to establish a democratic republic. He was profoundly influenced by the democratic ideals of the West, he did not want a wholesale rejection of Western civilisation. He accepted the French revolutionary ideal of liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal. He demanded that the French set-up legal and educational institutions and should develop agriculture and industries.

For per Phan Boi Chau, it was necessary to drive the foreign enemy out first and only then other affairs and matters are be discussed. While Phan Chu Trinh wished the same in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights. Similarly, the former wanted to make use of the monarchy while the latter wished abolition of the monarchy.

The declaration of Independence states following:

(i)The declaration began by reaffirming the principles of the Declaration of Independence of the United States in 1771 and of the French Revolution in 1791 but added that French imperialist do not follow these principles for they 'have violeted their fatherland and oppresssed thier fellow citizens. They had acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice.

(ii)For these reasons, they the members of the provisional Goverment, representing the entire population of Vietnam, declared that they shall henceforth have no connection with the imperialist France.

(iii)They solemnly proclaim to the entire world: Vietnam has the right to be free and independent, and in fact has become free and independent.

Agent Orange is a defoliant or a plant killer. It was stored in drums marked with an orange band. Between 1961 and 1971, some 11 million gallons of this chemical was sprayed from cargo planes by US forces. Their plan was to destroy forests and fields, so that it would be easier to kill there was no jungle cover the people to hide in.

Over 14 per cent of the country’s farmland was affected by this poison. Its effect has been staggering, continuing to affect people till today. Dioxin, an element of Agent Orange, is known to cause cancer and brain damage in children, and according to a study, high incidence of deformities found in the sprayed areas.

Features of the Ho-Chi-Minh Trail in the Vietnamese war against the U.S.:

(i) The story of the Ho-Chi-Minh trail is one way of understanding the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the United States. It symbolises how the people of Vietnam used their limited resources to great advantage.

(ii) The trail, and immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to transport men and materials from the north to the south.

(iii) The trail was improved from the late 1950s and from 1967 about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.

(iv) The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by porters, who were mainly women. These porters carried about 25 kilos on their backs or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.

(v) Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnam.

(vi) The United States regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly.

Tips: -

M. Imp.

They were pressurising to ensure higher levels of profit for their business.

The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide western style education in Vietnam.

(i) The education included classes in science, hygiene and French.

(ii) The school wanted to introduce modernism. According to the school, to be modern the Vietnamese had to look modern.

(iii) The school encouraged the adoption of western styles such as having a short hair cut.

The Hoa Hao Movement founded by Huynh Phu So.

His characteristics were:
(i) He performed miracles and helped the poor people.

(ii) His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal.

(iii) He also opposed to sale of girl brides, gambling and use of alcohol and opium.

Dien Bien Phu

Sun Yat Sen

The Tonkin Free School

Ho Chi Minh

Maritime Silk Route linked Europe and Asia. It opened up Hanoi to the ports in Egypt extending to the Red Sea. This route laid Chinese cultural influence on Vietnam, bringing about greater cultural intermingling. 

In 1926 a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School. A Vietnamese girl who was sitting in one of the front seats was asked to move back of the class and allow a French student to occupy the front bench. She refused. The principal, expelled her. When angry students protested, they too were expelled, leading to a further spread of open protests. Seeing the situation getting out of control, forced the school to take the students back. The principal reluctantly agreed but warned the students to crush Vietnamese under his feet.

(A) Contractors reduced their payments drastically

                                                                                     OR
(A) To provide 'Western Style Education'

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the “nation” in Europe in the following ways.

(i) Romanticism, a cultural movement, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists criticised the glorification of reason and Science and focused instead

on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.

(ii) Collection and recording forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

(iii) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

OR

(i) Early Vietnamese nationalists had a close relationship with Japan and China. They provided models for those looking for change, a refuge for those who were trying to escape the French police, and a location where a wider Asian network of revolutionaries could be established. In 1907-08, some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education. They appealed to the Japanese as fellow Asians and later established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo.

(ii) Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. In 1911, the long established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-Sen, and a Republic was set up. Inspired by these developments, Vietnamese students established the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam (Viet-Nam Quang Phuc Hoi).

D. Monarchy

OR

A. French citizens living in Vietnam

B. It was an agreement between England and Ireland.

OR

A. Vietnam was occupied by Japan.

The beliefs were:

(i) Preservation of established, traditional institutions of state and society.

(ii) Abolition of institutions feudalism and serfdom

(iii) Modernisation of army and bureaucracy

OR

The three features of the “go east movement” in Vietnam were:

(i) The primary objective of nationalists of Vietnam was to drive the French out of Vietnam.

(ii) Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education. They appealed to the Japanese as fellow Asians.

(iii) Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.

The decade of 1830–40 had brought great economic hardship in Europe for the following reasons: 

i. There was large-scale unemployment in Europe. In most European countries, employment opportunities were low in number, whereas job seekers were many.

ii. Cities had come to be extremely overcrowded. As a result, slums had started coming up as more people migrated from the rural areas to the urban areas.

iii. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from the imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialisation was more advanced, especially in textile production.

OR

The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a series of trails used by the Vietnamese to infiltrate troops and supplies into South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. This story symbolised how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to their advantage in the war.

The Ho Chi Minh Trail became advantageous to the Vietnamese in the war against the U.S. because

i. It consisted of a long network of footpaths and roads which was used to transport men and war materials and supplies from the North to the South.

ii. The not-so-useful trail was improved from the late 1950s, and from 1967, the trail was used by more than 20,000 North Vietnamese troops each month. The trail had hospitals and support bases all the along the way for any kind of emergencies.

iii. The materials or supplies were sometimes transported by trucks, but it was mostly the women (porters) who used to carry the materials. These women used to carry about 25 kilos on their back and 70 kilos on their bicycles.

More importantly, the trails were built very quickly even after regular bombing of the U.S. to destroy the trail. Thus, their efforts to destroy the trail failed.

Freedom of the market was the major issue.
                                                             OR
These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical tradition and when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.

Schools textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule. School children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam, even if that meant destroying local cultures, religions and traditions, because these were seen as outdated and prevented modern development. Schools became an important place for political and cultural battles. The French sought to strenghten their rule in Vietnam through the control of education. They tried to change the values, norms and perceptions of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French Civilisation and the inferiority of the Vietnamese. There was a deliberate policy of failing students, particularly in the final year, so that they could not qualify for the better-paid jobs.

During this period nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war. The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in europe to further their own imperialist aims. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the ares called the Balkans.

The Balkans which was a region comprising of geographical and ethnical variation comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. The Balkan states were fircely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
Each power- Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a serious of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
                                                                            OR

The role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam:

(i) In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated. Stories were written to show how happy they felt when they joined the army and could carry a rifle.

(ii) Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers: they were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other. Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country. As casualties in the war increased in the 1960s, women were urged to join the struggle in larger numbers.

(iii) Many women responded and joined the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail, young volunteers kept open 2,195 km. of strategic roads and guarded 2,500 key points.

(iv) Between 1965 and 1975, out of the 17,000 youth who worked on the trail, 70 to 80 percent were women. One military historian argues that there were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.

(v) By the 1970s, as peace talks began to get underway and the end of the war seemed near, women were no longer represented as warriors. Now the image of women as workers begins to predominate. They are shown working in agricultural co-operatives, factories and production units, rather than as fighters.

D.

There were uprisings in rural areas.

A.

The Trung sisters fought against French domination.

The contributions of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe were -

(i) Mazzini put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.

(ii) He had formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.

(iii) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.

OR

The role of women as warriors in Vietnam during the 1960’s were-

(i) Vietnamese women responded and joined the resistance movements.

(ii) Women nursed the wounded, constructed underground rooms and tunnels and fought the enemy.

(iii) Along the Ho Chi Minh trail, young women volunteers built six airstrips, kept open strategic roads, neutralised tens of thousands of bombs, transported tens of thousands of kilograms of cargo, weapons and food and shot down fifteen planes.

The four ideas of liberal nationalists in the economic sphere were-

(i) Liberal nationalists stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

(ii)They formed the Custom Union or Zolleverin in Prussia in 1834, joined by most of the German states, advancing the cause for a unified economic territory.

(iii)The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

(iv)They stood for the creation of a network of railways which improved mobility harnessing economic interest to national unification.

OR

The ways in which teachers and students organised resistance against the French in Vietnam were -

(i) Vietnamese teachers quietly modified the text and criticised what was started.

(ii) The students protested in the Saigon Native girls school when a Vietnamese girl was discriminated against the French students.

(iii) Students fought against the government’s efforts to prevent the Vietnamese from qualifying for white-collar jobs.

(iv) Students formed various political parties, such as the Party of Young Annan, and published nationalist journals such as the Annamese Student.

A.

Prince Cuong De

The conditions viewed by new commercial class as obstacles to the economic exchanges and growth of the economy were -

(i) The state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

(b) Non-freedom of markets

(c) Multiple currency, weight and measures.

OR

The students fought against the colonial government's efforts to prevent the Vietnamese from qualifying for 'white collar jobs'. They were inspired by patriotic feelings and the conviction that it was the duty of the educated to fight for the benefit of the society. They formed various political parties, such as the “Party of the Young Annan” and published nationalist journals like “The Annanese Students”.

B.

To provide western-style education

D.

Huynh Phu So

The Congress of Vienna was held in 1815.It was chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. It was held to draw up a new settlement for Europe amongst the European powers after the defeat of Napoleon..

The following changes were made:

1. The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power.
2. France had to part with most of its territories which were annexed by Napoleon.
3. A large number of States were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent its further expansion.
4. The kingdom of Neither land was set up in North.
5. Prussia was given important territories on its Western frontiers.

OR

The Hoa Hoa movement was found by a man called Huynh Phu So in 1939. It gained great popularity in the fertile mekong Delta area. It drew on religious ideas popular in anti - French uprisings of the nineteenth century. Huynh Phu So's criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol. Fench put him in metal asylum. Interestingly, the doctor who had to who had to prove him insane became his follower in 1941 even the French doctors declared that he was sane. The french authorities exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.