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What is the basis of classification of algae?
Algae are classified on the following factors:
(a) Major photosynthetic pigments present.
(b) Form of stored food.
(c) Cell wall composition.
(d) Number of flagella and position of insertion.
(e) Habitat.
When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
Liverwort: In liverworts, the reduction division takes place in the capsule during the sexual reproduction.
Moss: In mosses the reduction division takes place in the capsule during the sexual reproduction.
Fern: Reduction division takes place in the sporangia, thereby producing many spores during the sexual reproduction.
Gymnosperm: Reduction division takes place in the microsporangia present and in the megasporangia during sexual reproduction.
Angiosperm: In angiosperms, reduction division takes place in the anthers of the stamen (producing haploid pollen grains or male gametes) and in the ovary of the pistil (producing eggs or female gametes ) during the sexual reproduction phase.
Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
Archegonium is the female sex organ that produces the female gamete or egg. It is present in the life cycles of mosses (bryophytes), pteridophytes, and gymnosperms.
Life cycle of a moss.
Gametophytic stage is the predominant stage of the moss lifecycle. The Gametophytic stage consists of two stages
(i). Protenema stage – this is the first stage which develops directly from a spore.
(ii). Leafy stage – this is the second stage which develops from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.
They consist of upright slender axes which bears spirally arranged leaves. Rhizoids are the multicellular structure that attaches the mosses to the soil. This stage bears the sex organs. The male (antheridia) and female (archegonium ) sporangia are formed at the apex of the leafy shoots. Cells within the sporangium of the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce male and female spores, respectively. These spores divide mitotically to produce multicellular male and female gametophytes. The sperm and eggs are produced mitotically in the antheridia and archegonia, respectively. Sperm are carried to the archegonia in water droplets. After fertilisation, the sporophyte generation develops in the archegonium and remains attached to the gametophyte and the cycle is completed.
Mention the ploidy of the following: protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a ferm; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.
The ploidy of the following are:
(a) Protonemal cell of a moss – Haploid
(b) Primary endosperm nucleus in a dicot – Triploid
(c) Leaf cell of a moss – Haploid
(d) Prothallus of a fern – Haploid
(e) Gemma cell in Marchantia – Haploid
(f) Meristem cell of a monocot – Diploid
(g) Ovum of a liverwort – Haploid
(h) Zygote of a fern – Diploid
Write a note on economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.
Economic importance of algae - Algae have diverse economic uses.
(a) Food source: Many species of marine algae such as Porphyra, Sargassum, and Laminaria are edible and used as food.
(b) Food supplements: Chlorella and Spirulina are rich in proteins and are used as food supplements.
(c) Commercial importance: It is used for the production of Agar which is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria. Agar is used for growing microbes in laboratories and in ice creams and jellies.
(d) Production of hydrocolloids: Certain brown (align) and red algae (carrageen) are used for the production of hydrocolloids.
Economic importance of gymnosperms – Gymnosperms are of great economic value. They are used in the following ways.
(a) Construction purposes: Many conifers such as pine, cedar, etc., are sources of the soft wood used in construction and packing.
(b) Medicinal uses: An anticancer drug Taxol is obtained from Taxus a gymnosperm. Many species of Ephedra produce ephedrine, which can be used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis.
(c) Food source: The seeds of Pinus are edible and used as food.
(d) Source of resins: Conifers such as Pinus australis is an excellent producers of resins. Resins are used in various industries such as varnishes, plasters and enamel paint because they are resistant to decay.
Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are classified into two separate groups because the seeds in the gymnosperms are not covered and are naked while in angiosperms the ovules are produced inside specialised structures called flowers.
What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.
Heterospory is a phenomenon in which two kinds of spores are produced by the same plant. The spores differ in size. The smaller one is called microspore and the larger one is known as megaspore. The microspore germinates to form the male gametophyte and the megaspore germinates to form the female gametophyte.
Heterospory is thus considered an important step in evolution as it is a precursor to the seed habit. Moreover, the spores or gametes are protected and well-nourished within the separate sporangium and thus protects them from harsh conditions like desiccation etc.
Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:
(i) protonema
(ii) antheridium
(iii) archegonium
(iv) diplontic
(v) sporophyll
(vi) isogamy
(i) Protonema – It is the first stage in the life cycle of a moss, developing directly from the spore. It consists of creeping, green, branched, and often filamentous structures.
(ii) Antheridium – It is the male sex organ present in bryophytes and pteridophytes. It enclose the sperm mother cells that give rise to the male gametes.
(iii) Archegonium – It is the female sex organ present in bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, it generally contains the female gamete called the egg.
(iv) Diplontic –It is the kind of life cycle in which the diploid sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic, independent phase of the plant. The gametophytic phase is represented by the single to few-celled haploid gametophyte.
(v) Sporophyll – The leaf like appendages which bear the sporangia is called sporophyll. These can bear both the microspores and megaspores.
(vi) Isogamy – It is a type of sexual reproduction involving the fusion of morphologically-similar gametes. This means that the gametes are of the same size, but perform different functions. This type of reproduction is commonly observed in Spirogyra.
Differentiate between the following:
Red algae and brown algae
Red algae and brown algae Red algae Brown algae:
|
Brown algae |
Red algae |
|
1. Major pigment is chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin. |
1. Major pigment is chlorophyll a, d and phycoerytherin. |
|
2. Mannitol and laminarin is the stored food. |
2. Floridean starch is the stored food. |
|
3. Cell wall is made up of cellulose and align. |
3. Cell wall is made up of cellulose, pectin and poly-sulphate esters. |
|
4. Flagella present |
4. Flagella absent |
|
5. Usually found in brackish water or slat water. |
5. Usually found in salt water and some in fresh water. |
Differentiate between the following:
liverworts and moss
|
Liverworts |
Moss |
|
1.Rhizoids are unicellular |
1. Rhizoids are multicellular and branched. |
|
2. Gemma cups are present |
2. Gemma cups are absent |
|
3. Protonema absent. |
3. Protonema present |
|
4. They are generally thalloid, with dichotomous branching. |
4. They are foliage, with lateral branching. |
Differentiate between the following:
homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte
|
Homosporous pteridophyte |
Heterosporous pteridophyte |
|
1. Spores produced are of the same type. |
1. Spores produced are different. |
|
2. They produce bisexual gametophytes |
2. They produce unisexual gametophytes |
Differentiate between the following:
syngamy and triple fusion
|
Syngamy |
Triple fusion. |
|
1. Fusion of male gamete with female gamete. |
1. Fusion of male gamete with secondary nucleus. |
|
2. Results in the formation of diploid zygote. |
2. Results in the formation of triploid primary endosperm. |
How would you distinguish monocots from dicots?
|
Dicots |
Monocots |
|
1. Two cotyledon in their seed. |
1. One cotyledon in their seed. |
|
2. Generally have tap root system. |
2. Fibrous root is present. |
|
3. The leaf veins are reticulate in nature. |
3. The leaf veins are parallel in nature. |
|
4. Vascular bundles are arranged in ring. |
4. Vascular bundles are scattered are scattered in stem. |
| A. Chlamydomonas | (i) Moss |
| B. Cycas | (ii) Pteridophyte |
| C. Selaginella | (iii) Algae |
| D. Sphagnum | (iv) Gymnosperm |
A. Chlamydomonas | (i) Algae |
B. Cycas | (ii) Gymnosperm |
C. Selaginella | (iii) Pteridophyte |
D. Sphagnum | (iv) Moss |
Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
Important features of gymnosperms are:
(a) The plant bears naked seeds i.e., the seeds of these plants are not enclosed in ovary walls.
(b) They include medium sized trees, or tall trees and shrubs.
(c) Generally tap root is present and some plants have fungal association called Mycorrhiza which fix nitrogen from atmosphere. The stem can be or un-branched. Leaves can be simple or compound and may be needle like having sunken stomata.
(d) Gymnosperms are heterosporous. They bear two kinds of spores – microspores and megaspores.
(e) Flowers are absent. The microsporophylls and megasporophylls are arranged to form compact male and female cones.
(f) The male and the female gametophytes do not have an independent existence. The male and female gametophytes are dependent on the sporophyte.
(g) Pollination occurs mostly through wind.
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Holdfast, stipe and frond are found in
Rhodophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Phaeophyceae
All of the above
C.
Phaeophyceae
The embryo sac of an Angiosperm is made up of
8 cells
7 cells and 8 nuclei
8 nucleus
7 cells and 7 nuclei
B.
7 cells and 8 nuclei
Food is stored as Floridean starch in Rhodophyceae. Mannitol is the reserve food material of which group of algae?
Mannitol is used as the reserve food material in the Phaeophyceae group or Brown algae.
Give an example of plants with
a. Haplontic life cycle
b. Diplontic life cycle
c. Haplo- diplontic life cycle
a. Algae like Spirogyra and volvox
b. Fucus
c. Ectocarpus
Most algal genera show haplontic life style. Name an alga which is
a. Haplo-diplontic
b. Diplontic
a. Polysiphonia
b. Fucus
Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because they require land and water just like the amphibians. They live in soil but need water for the sexual reproduction. The bryophytes require water for fertlisation, as the antherozoids are released in water, where they come in contact with the female gamete or the archegonium.
Bryophytes have the following economic importance.
i. Some mosses provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds.
ii. Some species like Sphagnum provide peat that is used as a fuel and a packing material.
iii. Mosses and lichens decompose rocks and help in the formation of soil.
iv. Mosses reduce soil erosion as they form dense mats on the ground.A hill station city had abundance of different species of lichens a few years back. Since it has turned a busy tourist spot very few lichens are found there.
(a)What could be the possible reason for this?
(b) What measures are to be taken to conserve lichens?
(a) Lichens are called as pollution indicators. They are extremely sensitive and perish when the environment gets polluted.
(b) The environmental degradation especially air pollution should be prevented in order to conserve lichens.
Briefly, explain the pattern of lifecycle followed by
a. All bryophytes
b. All pteridophytes
The bryophytes and pteridophytes both follow a Haplo-diplontic lifecycle.
Bryophytes - The haploid generation represents a dominant, independent, photosynthetic, thalloid or erect phase. The haploid phase alternates with the shortlived multicellular sporophyte totally or partially dependent on the gametophyte for its anchorage and nutrition.
Pteridophyte - The diploid sporophyte is represented by a dominant, independent, photosynthetic, vascular plant body. It alternates with multicellular,
saprophytic/autotrophic, independent but short-lived haploid gametophyte.
With the help of a schematic diagram describe the haplo-diptontic life cycle pattern in plants
In a sexually reproducing plant, there is an alternation of generation between a haploid and a diploid phase of plant bodies.
The haploid plant body is termed gametophyte while the diploid plant body is called sporophyte.
The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis while the haploid spores are produced by sporophyte following meiosis (reduction division). Two gametes fuse together to produce a zygote which develops into the diploid sporophyte. In a haplodiplontic life cycle pattern, such as in bryophyta or pteridophyta both the phases of life are multicellular.
However, in bryophytes, the gametophytes are small, photosynthetic, independent and represent dominant phase. The partly or totally dependent, the sporophyte is physically attached to the gametophyte. The (n) spores dispersed by sporophyte germinate into individual gametophytic plants.
In pteridophytes, the 2n (diploid) phase is dominant, well organized, independent while the haploid phase though also free-living and independent is short lived and photosynthetic.
In both of these groups of plants the mobile male gametes, antherozoid produced by sex organ antheridium, travel to archegonium (bearing an egg cell) via the medium of water. The egg cell is nonmotile. The reproduction is oogamous.
Heterospory i.e., formation of two types of spores – microspores and megaspores is a characteristic feature in the life cycle of a few members of pteridophytes and all spermatophytes. Do you think heterospory has some evolutionary significance in plant kingdom?
Heterospory involves the formation of two types of spores. Microspores and megaspores. The smaller ones are microspores and the larger ones are megaspores. In the pteridophytes, the microspores and the megaspores germinate to give rise to male and female gametophytes respectively.
From the evolutionary point of view , heterospory is a precursor to the seed habit found in higher plants. Seeds enable the plants to survive in the unfavourable conditions. seeds also help in the dispersal of the plant species over a wider geographical area.
Cytotaxonomy is based on which factors?
Cytotaxonomy is based on the cytological factors like chromosome number, structure and behaviour of chromosomes.
Each plant or group of plants has some phylogenetic significance in relation to evolution : Cycas, one of the few living members of gymnosperms is called as the ‘relic of past’. Can you establish a phylogenetic relationship of Cycas with any other group of plants that
justifies the above statement?
Cycas is considered as a living fossil as it is the only living species of the family Cycadaceae. It is often known as the Relic of the past. It shares some common features with the Pteridophytes like:
i. The seeds are shed while the embryo is still maturing.
ii. The megasporophyll appears like a leaf.
iii. In spite of the presence of the pollen tubes the male gametes are flagellated. Just as in the pteridophytes.
iv. Leaf base is persistent.
In which plant will you look for mycorrhiza and coralloid roots? Also, explain what these terms mean.
We will look for the mycorrhiza and coralloid roots in higher plants like gymnosperms.
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a higher plant. It can be found in plants like Pinus.
Coralloid roots- It is the association between the roots of the vascular plants and the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The nodules formed on the roots because of the bacteria gives it a coralloid appearance. It can be found in Cycas.
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Lichen is usually cited as an example of ‘symbiosis’ in plants where an algal and a fungal species live together for their mutual benefit. Which of the following will happen if algal and fungal partners are separated from
each other?
a. Both will survive and grow normally and independent from each other.
b. Both will die
c. Algal component will survive while the fungal component will die.
d. Fungal component will survive while algal partner will die.
Symbiosis is the term used for the relationship in which two organisms get benefit from each other.
Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus.But the symbiotic relationship is an obligate one. This means that the organisms require the symbiotic relationship in order to survive.
The algae and fungus are mutually dependent on each other. The fungus is the only source of water and nutrients for the algae.
Algae is the only source of food to the fungus. There are no alternative means for meeting the basic needs. Thus, If the two are sperated both will die because they will not be able to fulfil the requirements in the absence of the other.
Thus option b is true. Both will die.
Explain why sexual reproduction in angiosperms is said to take place through double fertilization and triple fusion.
In angiosperms, one male gamete fuses with the female gamete. In addition to this, another male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus. Fusion between male and female gametes result in the formation of zygote. While the fusion of the male gamete and the secondary nucleus forms the primary endosperm nucleus or (PEN).
Since two instances of fusion of nuclei take place hence the phenomenon is known as Double fertilisation.
The phenomenon is called triple fusion as the male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus having two polar nuclei and results in the formation of endosperm which has 3n chromosome.
How are the male and female gametophytes of pteridophytes and gymnosperms different from each other?
The difference between the male gametophyte of pteridophytes and gymnosperms are:
| Male gametophyte of Pteridophyte | Male gametophyte of gymnosperms |
| Distinct male gametophyte may not be present | Distinct male gametophyte is always present. |
| Antheridium is present | Antheridium is absent |
| Male gametes are flagellated | Male gametes may or may not be flagellated |
| Male gamete needs water as the medium for fertilisation | Male gamete use pollen tube to reach the female gametophyte. |
| Female gametophyte of Pteridophyte | Female gametophyte of Gymnosperm |
| Distinct female gamete may not be present | Distinct female gamete is always present. |
| Largely independent. | Female gamete is attached to the parent plant. |
| Not enclosed in an ovule. | It is enclosed in an ovule. |
In bryophytes, the dominant phase is represented by a gametophytic plant. The gametophyte is independent, photosynthetic, thalloid phase. Antheridia and archegonia are formed on the gametophyte. These organs are multicellular. These organs bear the respective gametes, that is male and female gametes respectively. The antheridium produces biflagellate antherozoids, the archegonium is flask shaped and produces a single egg.
Water is the medium used for the transfer of antheridium to archegonium. The flagella present in the antheridium provide motility to the gamete. the two gametes and the process of fertilisation take place. The zygote formed does not undergo meiosis immediately after the fertilization and forms a multicellular body called sporophyte.
The sporophyte is smaller , dependent on the gametophyte and remains attached to the gametophyte and derives nutrition from it. Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division and give rise to the haploid spores which germinate to produce gametophyte.
Thus, the gametophyte is the dominant phase and occupies a major part of the lifespan of the bryophyte.
A Prothallus is
A structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus develops
A sporophytic free living structure formed in pteridophytes
A gametophyte free living structure formed in pteridophy
A primitive structure formed after fertilization in pteridophytes
C.
A gametophyte free living structure formed in pteridophy
Protonema is
Haploid and is found in mosses
Diploid and is found in liverworts
Diploid and is found in pteridophytes
Haploid and is found in pteridophytes
A.
Haploid and is found in mosses
Which one of the following statements is wrong?
Golden algae are also called desmids
Eubacteria are also called false bacteria
Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi
Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green algae
B.
Eubacteria are also called false bacteria
Select the correct statement
Salvinia, Gingko and Pinus all are gymnosperm
Sequoia is oneis one ot the talles trees
The leaves of gymnosperm are not well adapted to extremes of climate
Gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous
B.
Sequoia is oneis one ot the talles trees
Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species known as redwood tree.
Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is found in
Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra
Volvox
Fucus
B.
Spirogyra
Isogamy is found in Spirogyra in which both gametes are non-motile.In Chlamydomonas, all three conditions, isogamy anisogamy and oogamy are found.Both motile and non-motile gametes are found. In volvox and Fucus, oogamy is present, where non-motile egg fuses with motile sperm.
Which of the following are likely to be present in deep sea water?
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Blue-green algae
fossils
A.
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria flourish is hot springs and deep sea hypothermal vents. Eubacteria are true bacteria, characterised by the presence or rigid cell wall and if motile a flagellum. Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called saprophytes. The cyanobacteria have chlorophyll-a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs.
In which of the following gametophyte is not independent free-living?
Funaria
Marchantia
Pteris
Pinus
D.
Pinus
Gametophyte is phase of life cycle in which the gametes, i.e. egg and sperm are produced. In bryophytes (Funaria and Marchantia) fertilisation is dependent on water for the transfer of sperm to the egg. The gametophyte are fetilized outside the body. Therefore, they have independent free-living gametophyte.
In this respect Pteridophyte are similar to bryophytes i.e they still have free-living gametophytes. Pinaceae (Pinus) has well developed gametophyte in which sperm cells are fertilised with egg cell within the ovule. Hence, pinus is the correct option.
Which one of the following statements is wrong?
Algin and carrageenian are products of algae.
Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria
Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space food
Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae
D.
Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae
Mannitol is stored food in Phaeophyceae. Red algae are the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae which includes marine algae especially seaweeds. The floridean starch is storage carbohydrate of red algae as grains outside the chloroplast.
An alga which can be employed as food for human being is
Ulothrix
Chlorella
Spirogyra
Polysiphonia
B.
Chlorella
Chlorella is an attractive potential food source new-a -days: because it is high in protein and other essential nutrients. When dried, it contains about 45% protein, 20% fat, 20% carbohydrates 5% fibre and 10% minerals along with vitamins. It mainly used as a food supplement for astronauts.
Which one of the following is a correct statements?
Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and leafy stage
In gymnosperms female gametophyte is free-living
Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in pteridophytes
Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes
D.
Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes
Some pteridophytes like Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous as they produce two kinds of spores micro (small) spores and macro (large) spores, which germinate and give rise to male and female gametophyte respectively. The female gametophyte in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young embryos take place within the female gametophyte. This event is the precursor to the seed habit, considered to an important step in evolution.
They cyanobacteria area also referred to as
protists
golden algae
slime moulds
blue-green algae
D.
blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae(BGA) are most primitive prokaryotic organisms. These are considered to be the most ancient of all the chlorophyll bearing organisms on Earth.
Gymnosperms are also called soft wood spermatophytes because they lack
cambium
phloem fibres
thick-walled tracheids
xylem fibres
D.
xylem fibres
Gymnosperms lack xylem fibres. Large amount of parenchymatous cells are present with secondary xylem tracheids. So, these are also known as softwood spermatophytes.
Read the following five statements and answer as asked to them
I. In Equisetum the female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte.
II. In Ginkgo male gametophyte is not independent.
III. The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than that in Polytrichum.
IV. Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous.
V. The spores of the above statements are correct?
Two
Three
Four
One
D.
One
The spore of Equisetum germinate shortly after shedding and give rise to form prothallus. Prothalli of Equisetum are basically monoecious and the gametophytes are rarely seen.
The simplest known sporophyte among bryophytes is that of Riccia while highest evolved known is Bryopsida (Polytrichum, Pogonatum).
Sexual reproduction in Volvox is oogamous type.
The spores in slime molds (e.g., Physarum) are haploid, unicellular usually globose with smooth, spiny or reticulately thickened cell walls.
The second stage of hydrosere is occupied by plants like
Azolla
Typha
Salix
Vallisneria
D.
Vallisneria
Hydrosere originating in a pond starts with colonisation of some phytoplanktons which forms the pioneer plant community. The stages are
1st- Bacteria, Blue-green algae, Algae
2nd- Hydrilla Potamogeton, Vallisneria
3rd -Nelumbo, Nymphaea, Trapa, Azolla, Wolffia
4th-Typha, Sagitaria
5th- Juncus, Cyperus
6th- Salix, Populus, Almus
Read the following five statements (I to V) and select the option with all correct statements.
I Mosses and lichens are the first organisms to colonise a bare rock.
II .Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte.
III. Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM.
IV. Main plant body in bryophytes is gametophytic, whereas in pteridophytes it is sporophytic.
V. In gymnosperms, male and female gametophytes are present within sporangia located on sporophyte.
I, III and IV
II, III and IV
I, IV and V
II, III and V
C.
I, IV and V
I, IV and V are correct statements.
II. Selaginella species are creeping or ascendant plants and produce heterospores (megaspores and microspores).
III. Caralloid roots are developed in Cycas. It produces as cluster at base of stem. It is dichotomously branched and greenish brown in colour. It contains algal zone in the cortex. This algal zone contains Nostoc and Anabaena.
A prokaryoticv autotrophic nitrogen-fixing symbiont is found in
Cycas
Cicer
Pisum
Alnus
A.
Cycas
The coralloid root of cycas is symbiotically associated with nitrogen fixing blue -green algae, Anabaena Cycadae and Nostoc punctiforme. These blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) are prokaryotic, photosynthetic and autotrophic.
The correct floral formula of chilli is
A.
Chilli (Capsicum annum) belongs to the family -Solanaceae. In this family, a flower is actinomorphic, complete and bisexual; Calyx has five sepals which are gamosepalous showing valvate aestivation; corolla has five petals which are polypetalous showing valvate aestivation; androecium has five free stamens but epipetalous; gynoecium is bi carpellary, syncarpous, bilocular with superior ovary having axile placentation.
The unequivocal proof of DNA as the genetic material came from the studies on a
I) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that in mosses
II) Salvinia is heterosporous
III) The life -cycle in all seed - bearing plants is diplontic
IV) In pinus male and female cones are borne on different trees
Statements (I) and (III)
Statement (I) and (IV)
Statements (II) and (III)
Statements (I) and (II)
B.
Statement (I) and (IV)
The sporophyte is more developed in mosses rather than liverwort. The simplest sporophyte is found in Riccia, a liverwort, where it is represented by capsule only. The most complex sporophyte is found in funaria, a moss. However, the most advanced sporophyte is found in Anthoceros (a hornwort) due to the presence of intercalary meristem.
Selaginella and Salvinia are considered to represent a significant step towards evolution of seed habit because
female gametophyte is free and gets dispersed like seeds
female gametophyte lacks archegonia
megaspores possess endosperm and embryo surrounded by a seed coat
the embryo develops in female gametophyte which is retained on the parent sporophyte
D.
the embryo develops in female gametophyte which is retained on the parent sporophyte
Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous as they produce two kinds of spores - micro (small) spores and macro (large) spores. The microspores and megaspores germinate and give rise to male and female gametophyte in these plants and retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of zygotes into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes. This event is the precursor to the seed habit considered to an important step in evolution.
The chief water conducting elements of xylem in gymnosperms are
vessels
fibres
tansfusion tissue
tracheids
D.
tracheids
The tracheids are elongated, angular dead cells with hard lignified wide lumen and narrow end walls. The walls of tracheids posses different types of thickenings and the unthickened areas of its wall allow the rapid movement of water from one tracheid to another. Tracheids are the characteristic cells types of xylem tissue in gymnosperms and pteridophytes, where they are chief elements of water conduction.
Male and female gametophytes are independent and free - living in
mustard
castor
Pinus
Sphagnum
D.
Sphagnum
In bryophytes, the most conspicuous phase in the life cycle is the gameteophyte. It is independent and concerned with reproduction. In Shagnum, male and female gametophyte are independent and free-living.
The scutellum observed in a grain of Wheat or maize is comparable to which part of the seed in other monocotyledons?
Cotyledon
Endosperm
Aleurone layer
Plumule
A.
Cotyledon
In wheat or maize (family-Poaceae), the scutellum is thought to be a modified cotyledon or seed leaf.
Which one o0f the following is monoecious?
Marchantia
Cycas
Pinus
Data palm
C.
Pinus
Pinus is a monoecious gymnospermic plant, ie, both male and female cones occur on the same plant.
Marchantia (bryophyte), Cycas (gymnosperm) and date palm (angiosperm) all are dioecious plants, ie, male and female plants are separate.
Vegetative propagation in Pisitia occurs by
stolen
offset
runner
sucker
B.
offset
In water lettuce (pistia), vegetative propagation occurs by offsets. offsets are shorter and thicker small runners growing in the axil of a leaf. It bears a cluster of leaves in rosette manner above the water level and adventitious roots below the water level arising from all nodes.
Mannitol is the stored food in of
Chara
Porphyra
Fucus
Gracillaria
C.
Fucus
Fucus belongs to class-Phaeophyceae, in which reserve food is found in form of laminarin, mannitol and oil.
Chara belongs to class- Chlorophyceae, in which reserve food is found in form of starch and oil.
Porphyra and Grachillaria belong to class- Rhodophyceae, in which reserve food is found in form of floridean starch and Galactan- SO4 polymers
The correct sequence of plants in a hydrosere is
Oak → Lantana → scirpus→Pistia→Hydrilla→Volvox
Volvox → Hydrilla → Pistia → Scirpus → Lantana → Oak
Pista → Volvox → Scirpus → Hydrilla → Oak → Lantana
Oak → Lantana → Volvox → Hydrilla → Pistia → Scirpus
B.
Volvox → Hydrilla → Pistia → Scirpus → Lantana → Oak
The various stages in a hydrosere are well studied in ponds. Pools or lakes. The various stages of hydrosere are:
Phytoplankton stage, eg, some blue-green algae, green algae (volvox), diatoms and bacteria, etc.
Rooted submerged stage, eg Hydrilla Vallisneria, etc.
Floating stage, eg, Nelumbo, Nymphaea, etc. Some free-floating species are pisita, Azolla, Lemna, etc.
Red -swamp stage, eg, species of Cyperaceae and Gramineae.
Forest stage, eg, Tropical rain forests, mixed forests of Almus, Acer, Quercus (oak), tropical deciduous forests.
Vegetative propagation in mint occurs by
runner
offset
rhizome
sucker
D.
sucker
The vegetative propagation in mint (Mentha arvensis) occurs by sucer. Sucker is a non-green underground specialized stem developing from the underground base of an erect shoot or crown.
Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam?
Equisetum
Ginkgo
Marchantia
Cedrus
A.
Equisetum
Out of these equiseta is a vascular cryptogam.
Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit?
Dependent sporophyte
Heterospory
Haplontic life cycle
Free-living gametophyte
B.
Heterospory
Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and of two different sizes and of two different development patterns. Heterospory is an expression sex determining spores of the plant. It is the most important evolutionary development in the vascular plants because it has ultimately lead to seed development, eg, Selaginella, Salvinia,Azolla, etc.
Examine the figure A, B, C, and D. In which one of the four options, all the items A, B, C and D are correct.
|
A |
B |
C |
D |
|
Chara |
Marchantia |
Fucus |
Pinus |
|
A |
B |
C |
D |
|
Equisetum |
Ginkgo |
Selaginella |
Lycopodium |
|
A |
B |
C |
D |
|
Selaginella |
Equisetum |
Salvinia |
Ginkgo |
|
A |
B |
C |
D |
|
Funaria |
Adiantum |
Salvinia |
Riccia |
C.
|
A |
B |
C |
D |
|
Selaginella |
Equisetum |
Salvinia |
Ginkgo |
A -Selaginella
B- Equisetum
C- Salvinia
D- Ginkgo
Which one of the following is heterosporous?
Dryopteris
Salvinia
Adiantum
Equisetum
B.
Salvinia
Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and two different developmental patterns. Small spores are called microspores and larger as megaspore. Microspores germinate to produce the male gametophyte or microgametophyte that bear male sex organs while megaspores germinate to form female gametophyte or megagametophytes that bear archegonia or female sex organs. It is most important evolutionary development in the vascular plants because it has ultimately lead to seed development eg, Selaginella, Marselia Salvinia, Azolla, isoetes.
Dryopteris is homosporous a 32-64 haploid spores are produced in each sporangium.
Adiantum is also homosporous. The spores are the pioneer structures of the gametophytic generation.
Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms
the absence of resin duct and leaf venation
the presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
perianth and two integuments
embryo development and apical meristem
B.
the presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
Gnetum resembles angiosperms in many aspects.
i) The leaves in Gnetum have reticulate venation that is an angiosperm character.
ii) The presence of vessels in the xylem is also an angiosperm character and also found n Gnetum.
iii) In Gnetum female gametophyte is only partly cellular before fertilisation and becomes completely cellular only after fertilisation. Some of the free nuclei act as an egg as there is no archegonium.
The short apices in Gnetum and angiosperms show a distinct tunical and corps configuration.
The cortex of stem of Pinus is traversed by large resin ducts or canals. Each duct or canal is linked by a layer of thin -walled parenchymatous glandular secretory cells constituting epithelium. The epithelial cells secrete resin into the canal. The resin is the chief source of turpentine.
Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which one of the following sets?
Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra
Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla
Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis
Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas
D.
Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas
Flagellated male gametes are present in Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas.
In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. As a result
there is no change in success rate of fertilization
there is high degree of sterility
one can conclude that the plant is apomictic
self-fertilization is prevented
D.
self-fertilization is prevented
In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. As a result self fertilization is prevented.
Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by
elaters
indusium
calyptra
peristome teeth
A.
elaters
Elaters are hygroscopic and help in dispersal of spores.
Sponsor Area
Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because
it is easily available
it is hygroscopic
it reduces transpiration
it serves as a disinfectant
B.
it is hygroscopic
Sphagnum is a bryophyte, commonly called as bog moss or peat moss. It is hygroscopic and possesses a remarkable water holding capacity. Hence, it is used as a packing material in the transportation of flowers, live plants, tubers, bulbs, seedlings etc. It is also used in seedbeds and in moss-sticks.
The thalloid body of a slime mould (Myxomycetes) is known as
Autosomal
Cytoplasmic
Y-linked
X-linked
B.
Cytoplasmic
The members of Myxomycetes are called slime molds because they contain and secrete slime. They are included in lower fungi. Their somatic phase is a multinucleate, diploid holocarpic Plasmodium (a product of syngamy).
In Plasmodium, propagation occurs through fission or thick walled cysts or sclerotium-like structures. Reproduction takes place by the formation of uninucleate, thick-walled resting spores which are produced within minute fruiting bodies like structures i.e., the sporangia, however, the true fruiting bodies are absent in slime molds.
Fruiting bodies and mycelium are absent in lower fungi Protonoma is not formed in fungi.
In a moss the sporophyte
is partially parasitic on the gametophyte
produces gametes that give rise to the gametophyte
arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte
manufactures food for itself, as well as for the gametophyte
A.
is partially parasitic on the gametophyte
In mosses, the sporophyte developing from the embryo is a simple structure without rhizoids and is differentiated into foot, seta ad capsule. It parasitic (partially or wholly) on the gametophyte as it is organically attached and is nutritionally dependent upon the gametophyte.
Which one of the following plants shows a very close relationship with a species of moth, where none of the two can complete its life cycle without the other?
Hydrilla
Yucca
Viola
Banana
B.
Yucca
Yucca has an obligate mutualism with a species of moth i.e. pronuba. In Obligate mutualism, one organism cannot survive without other.
Oxygen is not produced during photosynthesis by
Green sulphur bacteria
Nostoc
Chara
Cycas
A.
Green sulphur bacteria
Green sulphur bacteria do not use H2O as the source of the proton, therefore they do not evolve O2.
In which of the following forms is iron absorbed by plants?
Ferric
Ferrous
Both ferric and ferrous
Free element
A.
Ferric
Iron is absorbed by plants in the form of ferric ions.
Plants absorb iron in both form i.e. Fe++ and Fe+++. (Preferably Fe++)
Which one is wrongly matched?
Uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia
Biflagellate zoospores – Brown algae
Unicellular organism – Chlorella
Gemma cups – Marchantia
A.
Uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia
Polysiphonia is a genus of red algae, where asexual spores and gametes are non-motile or non-flagellated.
After karyogamy followed by meiosis, spores are produced exogenously in
Neurospora
Alternaria
Saccharomyces
Agaricus
D.
Agaricus
Identify the wrong combination
Dryopteris → Rhizome
Cycas → Coralloid roots
Volvox → Colonial form
Marchantia →Pseudoelaters
D.
Marchantia →Pseudoelaters
Which one of the following is heterosporous?
Equisetum
Dryopteris
Salvinia
Adianturn
C.
Salvinia
The sporophyte of pteridophyte produces meiospores inside sporangia. which may be homosporous (e.g.,) Adiantum, Dryopteris, Equisetum, etc.) or heterosporous (e.g., Salvinia, Selaginella, etc.)
Lady finger belongs to family
Malvaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Brassicaceae
Liliaceae
A.
Malvaceae
Ladyfinger (Abelmoschus esculents) belongs to the family - Malvacae. This family is distinguished by the presence of epicalyx, staminal tube, extrose anthers, monothecous, and syncarpous ovary.
The interxylary phloem is found in the stem of
Cucurbita
Salvia
Calotropis
None of these
C.
Calotropis
Interxylary phloem is found in Calotropis stem. It is said to be interxylary due to its presence inside xylem. It is also found in the same member of family-Solanaceae.
Wound healing is due to
Ventral Meristem
Secondary meristem
Primary meristem
All of these
B.
Secondary meristem
Secondary meristem are the meristem that is formed secondary from the permanent tissue. Healing of wound in plant takes place by the activity of secondary meristem.
In pteridophytes, phloem is without
bast fibers
Sieve tubes
Companion cells
Sieve cells
C.
Companion cells
In angiosperm, companion cells are living cells along with sieve tube and phloem parenchyma of the phloem. In pteridophytes and gymnosperm, phloem is without companion cell.
Fern spores are usually
Haploid
Diploid
Triploid
Tetraploid
A.
Haploid
In pteridophytes, spore is a haploid structure, which develops after meiosis in the spore mother cell. On germination, it gives rise to a green haploid prothallus (gametophyte) which is monoecious, i.e., has both antheridia (male sex organs) and archegonia (female sex organs).
In which one of the family formations of endosperm doesn’t take place?
Orchidaceae
Cactaceae
Ranunculaceae
Malvaceae
A.
Orchidaceae
No endosperm formation takes place in the members of Orchidaceae, Podostemonaceae and Trapaceae families.
Source of commercial chewing gum latex is
Hevea brasiliensis
Carica papaya
Ficus elastica
Achras sapota
D.
Achras sapota
The latex of some plants is commercially important such as
(i) Source of commercial rubber is latex of Hevea brasiliensis, Ficus elastica, Cryptostegia. Maniho glaziou
(ii) Source of chewing or chickle gum is latex of Achras sapota
(iii) Source of enzyme papain is latex of Carica papaya
Which one of the following is not a flower?
Shoe-flower
Sunflower
Larkspur
Water lily
B.
Sunflower
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a member of the Asteraceae family. Its flower is not a real flower but a whole inflorescence having a group of many small flowers. This inflorescence is known as capitulum or head inflorescence.
Read the following statements and choose the correct option.
I. Leptosporangiate development of sporangium is found in all membersPteropsida.
II. Seed habit is shown by sellaginella.
III. Gnetum leaves are monomorphic and pinnately compound.
IV. Sporic meiosis is found in Volvolx, Chalmydomonas and Ulothrix.
Choose the correct option.
I and IV
I and II
I, II and IV
All of these
C.
I, II and IV
I, II and IV are correct statements. Pinus leaves are polymorphic and pinnately compound. In Gnetum leaves are evergreen opposite 8-20 cm long and 3-10 cm broad, enter at maturity glossy dark.
In coconut, the liquid endosperm is formed because
Karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis
Karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis
Formation of the liquid endosperm is not dependent upon karyokinesis and cytokinesis
None of the above
C.
Formation of the liquid endosperm is not dependent upon karyokinesis and cytokinesis
In coconut, the karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis after a free nuclear division so, the endosperm takes a liquid form.
Bacteria are considered plant because they
are green in colour
have rigid cell wall
have chlorophyll
have stomata
B.
have rigid cell wall
Presence of cell wall is the main characteristic of plants. Therefore, in bacteria, presence of rigid cell wall makes it to be a plant.
Other features such as, presence of stomata, cholorophyll and green colour does not indicate the group to be classified as plant. Eg. chlorophyll is absent in fungi, stomata is absent in algae.
Which of the following is not the feature of gymnosperms?
parallel venation
perennial plants
distinct branches (long and short branches)
xylem with vessels
D.
xylem with vessels
Gymnosperms are naked seed bearing perennial plants. In gymnosperms, no fruit formation takes place as ovary is absent; xylem without vessels and phloem without companian cells and have distinct branches.
The edible dry fruit 'chigoza' is
fruit of Cycas
fruit of Pinus gerardiana
seed of Cycas
seed of Pinus gerardiana
C.
seed of Cycas
Chilgoza is a seed of Pinus gerardiana.
Gymnosperms are the plants in which ovary is absent so, there is production of naked seeds, hence, fruits are absent in gymnosperms.
Also, seeds of Cycas are not edible.
Water bloom is generally caused by
green algae
blue- green algae
bacteria
Hydrilla
B.
blue- green algae
Water blooms are formed by the growth of some micrscopic or semi- microscopic algae, such as, Anabaena, Arthrospira, Nodularia, Nostoc etc.
These are considered to be harmful because they are responsible for the depletion of oxygen in water bodies.
Indusium is found in
algae
ferns
moss
Cycas
B.
ferns
Indusium is a membranous structure that covers a group of sporangia below it. It is further differentiated into two parts: Hood (kidney shaped dorsal plate) and short stalk. The sporangia attached with a placenta (swollen base) form group called sorus.
Sorus is covered by a membranous structure not found in group of plants such as algae, bryophyta etc, except, ferns of Pteridophyta.
Agar- agar is obtained from
Chlorella
Spirogyra
Ulothrix
Gelidium
D.
Gelidium
Gelidium, Gracilaria, Pterocladia are red algae with industrial importance. They produce a jelly like substance agar- agar, which is used as a culture medium with a number of different uses.
Chlorella is a green algae containing 50% protein and vitamins.
Spirogyra is a green alga which is also known as water- silk.
Calyptra is derived from
archaegonia
capsule
antheridia
columella
A.
archaegonia
Calyptra is a small sheath of cells, mainly derived from archaegonia.
Capsule is a sporophytic region of mosses.
Antheridia is a small structure that produces sperms in bryophytes or pteridophytes.
Columella is a large dome- shaped structure present in the centre of sporangium.
Which of the following is not the feature of gymnosperms?
parallel venation
perennial plants
distinct branches (long and short branches)
xylem with vessels
D.
xylem with vessels
Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants in which ovule is not covered by ovary. In gymnosperms, xylem contains only tracheids and xylem parenchyma; vessels are absent.
Which of the following is/ are grouped under phanerogams?
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Pteridophytes
Both (a) and (b)
D.
Both (a) and (b)
Acoording to Eichler (1883), plant kingdom was divided into two sub- kingdoms:
(i) Cryptogamae- plants which does not consist of flowers, for eg, algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes etc.
(ii) Phanerogamae- plants which consist of reproductive organs like flowers and seeds such as angiosperms and gymnosperms.
Which on eof the following is a saprophytic bryophyte?
Riccia fluitans
Buxbaumia aphylla
Funaria hygrometrica
Sphagnum
B.
Buxbaumia aphylla
Bryophytes usually grow in moist and shady places. Some bryophytes grow in diverse habitats such as:
Iodine is obtained from
Laminaria
Chlorella
Polysiphonia
Porphyra
A.
Laminaria
Brown algae such as Laminaria, Macrocystis, Fucus etc are the main source of Iodine.
Male gamete in angiosperm is produced by
generative cell
microspore cell
vegetative cell
tube cell
A.
generative cell
In angiosperms, male gametophytes consists of a tube cell and generative cell which divides to form two male gametes.
Phytochrome is present in
vascular cryptogam
prokaryotes
flowering plants
algae
C.
flowering plants
Phytochrome is a chromoprotein (it is photosensitive, photoreceptor, blue pigment protein complex). It is found in almost all flowering plants (angiosperms).
Vessels and companion cells are found in
angiosperm
pteridophytes
bryophytes
thallophytes
A.
angiosperm
Angiosperms are those seed plants in which seeds are formed inside fruits and the sporophylls are organized into flower. In angiosperms, xylem contains vessels and phloem sieve tube and companion cells.
The ability of the venus flytrap to capture insects is due to
chemical stimulation by the prey
a passive process requiring no special ability on the part of the plant
specialized "muscle-like" cells
rapid turgor pressure changes
D.
rapid turgor pressure changes
Insectivorous plants grow in water logged, swampy soils, deficient in nitrogenous compounds. These plants obtain their nitrogen compounds from the insects. Therefore, known as semi- autotrophic or semi- heterotrophic plants.
Dionea or venus fly trp is an insectivorous plant. They have winged petiole leaves and two toothed jaws. Upper surface of each jaw consists of long shaped hair or bristles. The hair are very sensitive to touch stimulus. Therefore, when an insect touches these hair, the stimulus causes rapid turgor pressure which results in closing of the leaf.
The protein rich alga is
Ulothrix
Spirogyra
Nostoc
Chlorella
D.
Chlorella
Chlorella, commonly known as space alga is a protein rich alga, containing about 50% protein, 20% lipids, 20% carbohydrates and a little percentage of vitamin--B12 , B2, C, H, K etc.
The amphibians of plant kingdom are
algae
bryophytes
thallophytes
floating plants
B.
bryophytes
The bryophytes are terrestrial plants, generally growing in moist and shady places but always need water for fertilization. Hence, these are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
The plant Cuscuta shows maximum photosynthesis in
red light
blue light
green light
no photosynthesis at all
D.
no photosynthesis at all
Cuscuta is a parasitic plant which gets prepared food from other plants through the haustoria. At this plant lacks chlorophyll, it is unable to perform photosynthesis or to make its own food itself.
Top-shaped multiciliate male gametes and the mature seed which bears only one embryo with two cotyledons, are characteristic features of
polypetalous angiosperms
gamopetalous angiosperms
conifers
cycads
D.
cycads
Cycads is a group of gymnosperms, which have top shaped multiciliated male gametes (largest male gamete) and each mature seed of these plants contain one embryo and two cotyledons (dicotyledonous) eg, Cycas.
Sponsor Area
Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
Savanna - Acacia trees
Prairie - Epiphytes
Tundra - Permafrost
Coniferous forest - Evergreen trees
B.
Prairie - Epiphytes
Prairies contain tall grasses and shrubs:
Savanna - Acacia trees
Tundra - Permafrost
Coniferous forest - Evergreen trees.
Tea and coffee are affected by
Phytophthora
Cephaleuros
Herviella
Albugo candida
B.
Cephaleuros
The green algae Cephaleuros virescens causes red rust of tea. Thus, destroying the tea leaves. Similar disease is caused by the species of Cephaleuros to coffee plant, piper and Citrus species.
Though Cycas has 2 cotyledons, this is not included in dicot because
naked ovule
they have megaspore
appears as palm tree
has compound leaves
A.
naked ovule
In Cycas ovules are found without ovary, this condition is called naked ovule. Cycas produces largest ovules in the plant kingdom. The ovules are orthotropous and unitegmic.
The modified stem of Opuntia is
phyllode
phylloclade
cladode
stamroinode
B.
phylloclade
When the stem is flattened and function as leaf, it is called phylloclade or cladophyll.
Phyllode is a flattened petiole or leaf rachis that resembles and functions as a leaf and may or may not be combined with an actual lamina.
Cladode is a flattened origin arising from the stem of a plant.
Staminode is a sterile or abortive stamen, frequently resembling a stamen without its anther.
Mannitol is reserve food in
Rhodophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Phaeophyceae
Xanthophyceae
C.
Phaeophyceae
Class Phaeophyceae includes brown algae Brown algae are marine plants. Chief pigments found in the members of this class are chlorophyll a and c -carotene, violaxanthin, fucoxanthin, lutein, diatoxanthin. Reserve food is laminarin, mannitol and oils.
Plants growing on sand and gravel are called
eremophytes
psammophytes
psilophytes
oxylophytes
B.
psammophytes
Psammophytes grow in sand and gravel, eremophytes grow in desert and gravel, psilophytes grow in savanna and oxylophytes grow on acidic soil.
The inflorescence in Ocimum is
cyathium
verticillaster
hypanthodium
raceme
B.
verticillaster
Verticillaster consists of biparous cymes ending in uniparous scorpioid cymes on either side e.g. Ocimum and several members of family Labiatae.
Cellulose fibre is obtained from Gossypium.
stem surface
seed hair
leaf surface
root hair
B.
seed hair
Cotton is the seed surface fibre of Gossypium. Its processing involves ginning, bailing, picking, lapping, carding and twisting. It is used in textile industry.
The amphibians of plant kingdom are
multicellular non motile algae
bryophytes with simple internal organisation
unicellular motile algae
pteridophytes with complex internal organisation.
B.
bryophytes with simple internal organisation
In bryophytes water is essential for fertilization. It provides a medium of transport for antherozoids to reach archegonia. Hence, they are called amphibians of plant kingdom.
In Chlorophyceae the mode of sexual reproduction is
anisogamy
isogamy
oogamy
all of these
D.
all of these
In isogamy, gametes are morphologically and physiologically same, in anisogamy gametes are morphologically different but physiologically same and in oogamy, gametes are both morphologically and physiologically different e.g., Ulothrix and Spirogyra members of Chlorophyceae.
Heterospory is the production of
sexual and asexual spores
large and small spores
haploid and diploid spores
diploid and tetraploid spores
B.
large and small spores
In some pteridophytes two types of spores are formed which differ significantly in their size and also in function. This phenomenon is called heterospory e.g., Selaginella and Marsilea etc.
Algal zone is present in
normal root of Cycas
coralloid root of Cycas
normal root of Pinus
stem of Cycas
B.
coralloid root of Cycas
The cortex in coralloid roots of Cycas is divided into inner and outer regions by algal zone. The cells of this zone contain endophytic algal forms particularly Anabaena cycadeae and Nostoc punctiforme.
The Orobanche plant is
partial stem parasite
total root parasite
symbiont
total stem parasite
B.
total root parasite
Total root parasites have no chlorophyll. These are common on the roots of Cruciferae and Solanaceae e.g., Balanophora and Orobanche etc.
'Reindeer moss' is common name for
Funaria hygrometrica
Marchantia sp
Cladonia rangifera
Polytrichum sp
C.
Cladonia rangifera
The bitter substance present in lichens are removed before being used as fodder. Lichens form favourite food for reindeers, cattles etc. Cladonia rangifera is the commonly used food for reindeer in tundra regions.
Turpentine oil is obtained from
Pinus
Cycas
Cedrus
Delbergia
A.
Pinus
Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin from Pinus pinaster trees.
In gametophyte of fern
prothallus is independent from sporophyte
prothallus is attached with sporophyte
it is main plant body
a structure attached with rhizome
A.
prothallus is independent from sporophyte
A gametophyte is the plant that produces gametes. The fern gametophyte is a small, bisexual, heart- shaped plant called a prothallus. Sporophyte is the asexual and usually diploid phase that produces spores from which the gametophyte arises. A fern gametophyte prothallus is independent from sporophyte.
The lack of fruit formation in gymnosperm is due to
absence of fertilization
lack of seeds
naked ovule
sheding of immature seed
C.
naked ovule
In Gymnosperms, ovule lacks ovary and ovary wall that forms fruit after maturation in Angiosperms.
'Club moss' is the common name of
Selaginella
Funaria
Potamogeton
Lycopodium
D.
Lycopodium
Lycopodium, a pteridophyte is commonly known as 'club moss'.
Pneumatophores (respiratory roots) are found in
Pistia
Calobranchia
Rhizophora
All of these
C.
Rhizophora
Pneumatophores are the aerial roots that grow vertically upwards in swampy plants like rhizophora to obtain oxygen as swampy plants are constantly submerged under water. Their main function is respiration, hence, they are also called as respiratory roots.
Select the mismatched pair out of the following
Rhizome - Dryopteris, Nelumbo nucifera
Corm - Crocus sativus, Amorphophallus
Sucker -Curcuma domestica, Zingiber officinale
Tuber -Helianthus tuberosus, Solanum tuberosum
C.
Sucker -Curcuma domestica, Zingiber officinale
Sucker is a special non-green slender stem branch which arises from underground base of an erect shoot or crown. It grows horizontally in soil and ultimately comes out to form a new aerial shoot or crown. The process is repeated. Each sucker has one or more nodes with scale leaves and axillary buds, e.g., Chrysanthemum. Curcuma domestica and Zingiber officinale both are the examples of rhizomes
'Gymnosperm' have how many species?
1000
900
640
300
C.
640
Gymnosperms are seed bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews and conifers in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.
About 70 Genera and 730 species of gymnosperms exist. Therefore, option 'c' is the nearest to 730 and should be considered correct.
Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms
Perianth and no integuments
Embryo development and apical meristem
Absence of resin duct and leaf venation
Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
D.
Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
Unlike Cycas and Pinus, Gnetum shows the occurrence of vessel elements and the complete absence of archegonia in female gametophyte. Thus, Gnetum shows affinities with angiosperms. Besides its resembles with angiosperms in several other aspects like presence of tetrasporic embryo sac, free nuclear divisions in the embryo sac, two cotyledonous embryo, etc
Pick the correct group consisting of all genera exhibiting homospory
Lycopodium, Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum
Equisetum, Pteris, Salvinia, Psilotum
Salvinia, Pteris, Lycopodium, Selaginella
Equisetum, Psilotum, Lycopodium, Pteris
D.
Equisetum, Psilotum, Lycopodium, Pteris
Pteridophytes, may produce similar spores (homosporous) or dissimilar spores (heterosporous). Selaginella and Salvinia show heterospory.
Which of the following are homosporous pteridophytes?
I. Selaginella
II. Lycopodium
III. Salvinia
IV. Equisetum
I and IV only
II and III only
II and IV only
III and IV only
C.
II and IV only
Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous pteridophytes. Lycopodium and Equisetum are homosporous pteridophytes i.e. they produce only one type of spores.
Assertion: Endomycorrhiza of forest trees contribute to the efficient nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems.
Reason: The fungi that formendo-mycorrhizal associations with plants make nutrient ions available to them.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
A.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
The fungi of endomycorrhiza invade the cells of the root cortex, with a portion lying externally as a loose mass of hyphae in the soil. Mycorrhiza cause considerable stimulation of growth in nutrient deficient soil. The greatest stimulation occurs in the uptake of phosphates. Mycorrhiza can take up phosphate at that low concentrations at which they are unavailable to nonmycorrhizal roots.
Match the following and select correct option.
Column1 Column2
A. Pteris 1) Gymnosperm
B. Cycas 2) Bryophyte
C. Sphagnum 3) Algae
D. Sargassum 4) Pteridophyta
A-(4), B-(2), C-(1), D-(3)
A-(4), B-(1), C-(2), D-(3)
A-(2), B-(3), C-(4), D-(1)
A-(1), B-(4), C-(3), D-(2)
B.
A-(4), B-(1), C-(2), D-(3)
Which of the following groups of algae produces algin?
Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae
Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae
Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae
Phaeophyceae only
D.
Phaeophyceae only
Alginic acid(or algin or alginate) is an anionic polysccharide distributed widely in the cell walls of many brown algae (Phaeophyceae). It is a phycocolloid which is obtained commercially from Laminaria, Macrocystis, Nereocystis, Fucus, Sagrassum etc.
Assertion: Presence of large amounts of nutrients in water body causes excessive growth of planktonic algae.
Reason: It is due to biomagnification.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
C.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
Presence of large amounts of nutrients in water causes excessive growth of planktonic (free-floating) algae, called an algal bloom which imparts a distinct colour to the water bodies. Algal blooms cause deterioration of the water quality and fish mortality. Biomagnification refers to increase in concentration of the toxicant at successive trophic levels.
Assertion : Sphagnum is slowly carbonised, compressed and fossilised over thousands of years to produce a dark spongy mass called peat.
Reason : Peat helps to keep soil porous and it also improves water holding capacity of the soil.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false
B.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
Sphagnum is commonly known as peat moss. Its accumulations can store water, since both living and dead plants can hold large qauntities of water inside their cells. Sphagnum and peat formed does not decay readily because of the phenolic compounds embedded in the moss's cell walls.
Which of the given genera is homosporous
Cycas
Pinus
Selaginella
Lycopodium
D.
Lycopodium
In pteridophytes, majority of plants are homosporous (producing similar kind of spores) e.g., Lycopodium. However, plants of genera like Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous (producing macro and micro spores). Pinus and Cycas, which are gymnosperms, are also heterosporous.
Assertion: The leaves in gymosperms are well adapted to with stand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.
Reason: Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
B.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. In conifers, the needle like leaves reduce the surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata also help to reduce water loss. Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms the male and the female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. They remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes
Assertion: In basidiomycetes, basidiospores are produced endogenously in the basidium.
Reason: In ascomycetes, ascospores are produced exogenously in ascus.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
If assertion is true but reason is false.
If both assertion and reason are false.
D.
If both assertion and reason are false.
In ascomycetes ascospores are produced internally in each ascus (sporangial sac).
In Basidiomycetes, basidiospores are produced exogenously at tips of fine outgrowths called sterigmata.
How many sperms are formed by four primary spermatocytes
1
4
16
32
C.
16
Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm from a germ cell. Four spermatozoa are produced from a primary spermatocyte, therefore, 16 spermatozoa will be formed from four primary spermatocytes.
The alga used for quick sewage disposal is
Ulothrix
Cladophora
Volvox
Chiarella
B.
Cladophora
Certain algae such as Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Oscillatoria etc., are used for the quick disposal of sewage, domestic and some industrial wastes.
The immediate cause of induction of ovulation in female is the large plasma surge of
progesterone
estradiol
LH
FSH
C.
LH
Ovulation takes place on 14th day of cycle, concentration of LH is highest on 14th day because it has to break the Graafian follicle so as to release the ovum later if the concentration of estrogen and progesterone decrease there is lose of internal lining of uterus and menstural bleeding start.
Which of the following statements about Spirogyra is correct?
Lateral conjugation takes place in homothallic species
Scalariform conjugation takes place in homothallic species.
Lateral conjugation takes place in heterothallic species
The type of conjugation is unrelated to homothallic and heterothallic species
A.
Lateral conjugation takes place in homothallic species
Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra takes place by the process of conjugation. In Spirogyra, the process of conjugation may be of two types -
Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms.
Perianth and two integuments
Embryo development and apical meristem
Absence of resin duct and leaf venation
Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
D.
Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
Unlike Cycas and Pinus, Gnetum shows the occurrence of vessel elements and the absence of archegonia. Archegonia are altogether absent in the female gametophyte and vessels occur in the xylem along with the tracheids in the secondary wood. Thus Gnetum shows affinities with angiosperms. Besides it resembles angiosperms in several other aspects like presence oftetrasporic embryo sac, free nuclear divisions in the embryo sac, two cotyledonous embryo etc.
How many genome types are present in a typical green plants cell
More than five
More than ten
Two
Three
C.
Two
Since a typical green plant is diploid, therefore it has two sets of chromosomes. So the number of genome will be two, because genome is the entire set of gene carried by a gamete or present in the haploid cell of a particular organism.
Assertion : Algae and fungi are classified as thallophytes.
Reason : They both are autotrophs.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false
C.
If assertion is true but reason is false
According to Eichler's classification, Plant kingdom is divided into two sub-divisions:
(i) cryptogamae
(ii) phanerogamae.
Cryptogamae is further divided into 3 divisions- thallophyta, bryophyta and pteridophyta. Thallophyta in further divided into 2 classes, algae and fungi. Both of these groups have generally undifferentiated plant body ie, they are not differentiated into true root, stem and leaves, hence they are called thallophyta. Also they are non vascular plants. But algae are chlorophyllous and hence show autotrophic mode of nutrition ie can prepare their own food. But fungi are non- chlorophyllous and cannot prepare their own food. So they are heterotrophic in nature.
Assertion : Conifer trees produce a large quantity of wind borne pollen grains.
Reason : The pollen grains have wings.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
If assertion is true but reason is false
If both assertion and reason are false
A.
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
Conifer or Pinus is a heterosporous plant producing mega and microspores inside megasporangium and micro-sporangium respectively. Each microsporangium is small, sessile and elongated sac like structure having two layered wall. Inside the wall, lie tapetum which is a nourishing layer. Also, inside the cavity, there are large number of dusty and two winged microspores present. On maturity the microsporangium wall bursts from the upper side forming a longitudinal slit. A large number of yellow pollen grains are liberated which are carried by wind due to the presence of wings.
'Ordines Anomali' of Bentham and Hooker includes
seed plants showing abnormal forms of growth and development
plants described only in fossil state
plants described in the literature but which Bentham and Hooker did not see in original
a few orders which could not be placed satisfactorily in the classification.
D.
a few orders which could not be placed satisfactorily in the classification.
The system of classification of seed plants presented by Bentham and Hooker, represented. the most well developed classification of natural system.
The classification was published in 3 volumes of Genera plantarum'. The system divided phanerogams or seed plants into 3 classes dicotyledons, gymnospermae and monocotyledons. Dicotyledons were further subdivided into 3 subclasses - polypetalae, gamopetalae and monochlamydae based on the presence or absence of petals and their fusion. They were further divided into series, orders and families. No orders were recognised within monochlamydae and monocotyledons, the series being directly divided into families. But the system had a lot of demerits within it. He did not know the affinities of the families placed under 'Ordines anomate' and the families were tentativily grouped together. So, a few orders were not placed satisfactorily in the classification. Monochlamydae is an unnatural assemblage of taxa, which belongs elsewhere. The creation of this group has resulted in the separation of many closely related families
Which one of the following is correct matching of a plant, its habit and the forest type where it normally occurs?
Prosopis, tree, scrub
Saccharum, grass, forest
Shorea robusta, herb, tropical rain forest
Acacia catechu, tree, coniferous forest
A.
Prosopis, tree, scrub
Prosopis is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It consists around 45 species of spiny trees and shrubs found in subtropical and tropical regions.
Saccharum is a genus of tall perennial plants of the broomsedge tribe within the grass family.
Shorea robusta (Sal) is tree found in moist tropical forest. It is an evergreen tree with an elongated crown when young, becoming more rounded as the tree edges.
Acacia catechu is tree found in dry deciduous forests.
Which one of the following categories of organisms do not evolve oxygen during photosynthesis
Red algae
Photosynthetic bacteria
C4 plants with Kranz anatomy
Blue green algae
B.
Photosynthetic bacteria
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen. These include Green and Purple bacteria as well as Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophs (FAPs), Phototrophic Acidobacteria, and Phototrophic Heliobacteria.
Instead of using water to photosynthesize, like plants and cyanobacteria, purple sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as their reducing agent, which is why they give off sulfur rather than oxygen.
In Ulothrix meiosis takes place in
cells of the filament
holdfast
zygote
zoospores.
C.
zygote
In Ulothrix sexual reproduction is of isogamous type. Two isogametes of + and - strain come together and fuse as a result a quadriflagellate zygospore is formed which floats on water after sometime it rests on the bottom of the pond at this time its four flagella disintegrate and a wall is formed surrounding it from all sides. After taking rest for a long period this zygote divides meiotically and gives rise to 16 zoospores. These zoospores come out of sac and give rise to the new plants of Ulothrix.
Mossess and ferns are found in moist and shady places because both
require presence of water for fertilization
do not need sunlight for photosynthesis
depend for their nutrition on microorganisms which can survive only at low temperature
cannot compete with sun-loving plants.
A.
require presence of water for fertilization
During fertilization ventral canal cell and the neck canal cell, along with tip of the neck disintegrate and the neck forms a canal like passage full of mucilage and some chemicals like malic acids. These chemicals attract antherozoids (chemotactic movement of called coacervates. In coacervates, lipid molecules antherozoids) and one of the male gametes fuses with the oosporc forming a diploid oospore. Water is essential for this process.
People recovering from long illness are often advised to include the alga Spirulina in their diet because it
makes the food easy to digest
is rich in proteins
has antibiotic properties
restores the intestinal microtlora
B.
is rich in proteins
Spirulina is a blue-green algae. Spirulina platensis is one of the richest source of protein, containing 40-50 percent crude protein on dry weight basis which under favourable condition may reach upto 70 percent. Its protein has balanced composition containing all essential amino-acids and lysine and tryptophan being present in sufficient quantities.
It is also rich in vitamins, particularly Vit. B12 which is not common in plant products and contains considerable amounts of fats, carbohydrates and minerals. It's lipids are made up of unsaturated fatty acids that do not form cholesterol.
Azolla is used as a biofertilizer because it
multiplies very fast to produce massive biomass
has association of nitrogen - fixing Rhizobium
has association of nitrogen - fixing cyanobacteria
has association of mycorrhiza
C.
has association of nitrogen - fixing cyanobacteria
Azolla is a pteridophyte and used as a biofertilizer because it has association with nitrogenfixing cyanobacteria Anabaena azollae.
carthamus tinctorius belongs to family
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Malvaceae
Fabaceae
A.
Asteraceae
Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) belongs to family Asteraceae. The aster family (Asteraceae) is one of the largest angiosperm families, with more than 1,620 genera and 23,600 species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees distributed throughout the world. The plants are characterized by their composite flower heads and one-seeded achene fruits.
In oogamy, fertilization involves :
a small non- motile female gamete and a large motile male gamete
a large motile female gamete and a small non-motile male gamete
a large non- motile female gamete and a small motile male gamete
a large non-motile female gamete and a small non-motile male gamete
C.
a large non- motile female gamete and a small motile male gamete
Oogamous type of, sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two dissimilar gametes. The male gamete is usually motile and smaller whereas the female gamete, is usually non-motile and contains food store, which is retained by the parent.
In angiosperms, triple fusion results in the formation of:
zygotic nucleus
polar nucleus
secondary nucleus
primary endosperm nucleus
D.
primary endosperm nucleus
In angiosperms, triple fusion results in the formation of primary endosperm nucleus. It is the fusion of the second male gamete with the diploid secondary nucleus.
Seed habit originated in
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
B.
Pteridophyta
Seed habit is found in vascular plants. It is the most complex and evolutionary method of sexual reproduction. It is defined as the ability to form seed. It was originated in Pteridosperms or seed ferns or Cycadofilicades during Devonian carboniferous periods.
Read the following statements (IV) and answer the question which follows them
I. In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are free living.
II. Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterospores.
III. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is oogamous.
IV. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that in mosses.
How many of the above statements are correct?
One
Two
Three
Four
C.
Three
Statement I, II and III are correct.
In IV statement- sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in liverworts.
In V statement- Pinus is a monoecious plant, producing male and female cones every year.
In Marchantia, plant body is strictly dioecious and isomorphic. Sex organs are found in specialised sexual receptacles called anthridiophore and archegoniophore.
The most common type of ovule found in angiosperms is
Anatropous ovule
Atropous ovule
Campylotropous ovule
Hemitropous ovule
A.
Anatropous ovule
Anatropous ovule is a completely inverted ovule turned back 180 degrees on its stalk. It is the most common type of ovule in angiosperms.
Campylotropous ovule refers to the body of the ovule that is curved or bent round so that the micropyle and chalaza so not lie in the same straight line.
Hemitropous ovule refers to the body of the ovule is placed transversely at right angles to the funicle. The micropyle and chalaza lie in one straight line.
Choose the option representing the incorrect match of different feature of major classes of algae.
| Class | Cell wall | Dominant pigment |
| Chlorophyceae | Cellulose + pectic material | Chl a and b, and carotene |
| Phaeophyceae | Silica + pectic material | Chl a and c, carotene |
| Rhodophyceae | Pectic material + cellulose | Chl a and d, carotene |
| Cyanophyceae | Mucopeptide + Mumaric acid | Chl a, carotene |
B.
| Phaeophyceae | Silica + pectic material | Chl a and c, carotene |
Option b is incorrect and can be corrected as cell wall of phaeophyaceae consist of outer mucilaginous layer made up of alginic and fucinic acids. The inner layer is made up of cellulose.
Select the mismatch
| Algae | Thallus |
| Chalamydomonas | Unicellular flagellate |
| Chlorella | Unicellular non flagellate |
| Ulva | Parenchymatous |
| Volvox | Non- flagellate colonies |
D.
| Volvox | Non- flagellate colonies |
Volvox is a fresh water, green, colonial algae containing fixed number of cells called coenobium. The cells are biflagellate and interconnected by cytoplasmic strands.
What did Engelmann observe from his prism experiments?
Bacteria could not detect the sites of O2 evolution.
Bacteria release excess carbon dioxide in red and blue light
Bacteria accumulated due to the increase in temperature caused by increase in oxygen concentration
Bacteria get accumulated towards red and blue light
D.
Bacteria get accumulated towards red and blue light
Engelmann prism experiment showed effect of light on photosynthesis. He illuminated an alga Spirogyra with different colour of light using a prism. He found that blue and red light is most effective in the run on photosynthesis and bacterium (Rhodospirillum) accumulate on alga in red and blue light.
Which of the following has the largest number of chomosomes?
Haplopappus gracilis
Gaint redwood tree
Pisum sativum
Ophioglossum reticulatum
D.
Ophioglossum reticulatum
Ophioglossum reticulatum, commonly called adder's torque is a species of fem. It contain 1260 chromosomes per cell.
Arrange the following plants in descending order based on the number of locules in their ovaries.
I. Anacardium
II. Citrus
III. Asparagus
IV. Solanum
II, III, IV, I
III, I, IV, II
IV, III, I, II
I, IV, III, I
A.
II, III, IV, I
Number of locules in
(I) Anacardium - 1
(II) Citrus - 8
(III) Asparagus - 3
(IV) Solanum -2
So, correct sequence in descending order is
II (Citrus) III (Asparagus) IV (Solanum) I (Anacardium)
Study the following Columns.
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Strobilanthus | 1. Tiger claw plant |
| B. Martynia | 2. Century plant |
| C. Lodoecia | 3. Neelakuranji |
| D. Viola |
4. Common pansy 5. Double coconut |
A - 2; B - 3; C - 1; D - 5
A - 3; B - 2; C - 4; D - 5
A - 2; B - 1; C - 3; D - 5
A - 3; B - 1; C - 5; D - 4
D.
A - 3; B - 1; C - 5; D - 4
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Strobilanthus | 3. Neelakuranji |
| B. Martynia | 1. Tiger claw plant |
| C. Lodoecia | 5. Double coconut |
| D. Viola | 4. Common pansy |
Identify the character which is absent in Fucus.
Hetrogametes
Oogamy
Non-flagellated male gamates
Holdfast
C.
Non-flagellated male gamates
The male reproductive structure in Fucus are called antheridiophores which are branched, tree like structures that line the conceptacles. They have terminal inflated antheridia on their branches and undergo meiosis. They form 64- 128 biflagellate male gametes.
Which of the following pair of characters distinguish Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus?
Abscence of resin duct and leaf venation
Prasence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
Perianth and two integuments
Embryo development and apical meristem
B.
Prasence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
Gnetum is a genus of gymonosperms, the sole genus in the family-Gnetaceae. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms like Cycas and Pinus, they possess vessel elements in the xylem and absence of archegonia. Some species are found to be insect pollinated also. Thus, show affinities with angiosperms.
Which one of the following classesis not a representative of green-algae?
Chlorophyceae
Charophyceae
Euglenophyceae
Crysophyceae
D.
Crysophyceae
Crysophyceae of class- Algae is the representative of brown or orange algae. It is mostly found freshwaters. Often known as chrysophytes.
'Sagopalm' is obtained from
Pinus
Cycas
Ginkgo
Datepalm
B.
Cycas
Edible starch 'Sagopalm' is obtained from Cycas stem.
Water is not necessary for the fertilisation of
algae
bryophyta
Cycas
None of these
C.
Cycas
During the process of fertilization, Algae and bryophyta require water. Cycas does not require water for fertilization.
Respiratory roots (pneumatophores) are present in
mesophytes
halophytes
xerophytes
None of these
B.
halophytes
Respiratory roots or pneumatophores present in halophytic plants like Rhizophora, Sonneratia, etc.
Which is present in vascular bundle ofPinus?
Tracheids
Vessels
Companion cells
All of the above
A.
Tracheids
Tracheids are present in the phloem of all gymnosperms like Cycas, Pinus, etc. These are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts.
In algae, the bacteriological filter is
Oscillatoria
Batrachospermum
Nostoc
Cosmarium
D.
Cosmarium
Cosmarium commonly known as desmid and member of green algae has highly porous cell wall and these pores keep on secreting mucilage.
This place in India is called 'The Golden Mine of Liverworts'
Eastern Himalayas
Western Himalayas
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats
A.
Eastern Himalayas
Liverwort is a small flowerless green plant with leaf like stems or lobed leaves, occurring in moist habitats. It lack true roots and reproduce by means of spores released from capsules. The Golden mine of liverworts is Eastern Himalayas. There are 320 endemic species of liverworts in this region.
Which one of the following pairs of plants are not seed producers?
Fern and Funaria
Funaria and Ficus
Ficus and Pinus
All of the above
A.
Fern and Funaria
Fern and Funaria are not seed producers as they are cryptogams whereas Ficus and Pinus are spermaphyta.
In Pinus
seed is winged but pollen grains are not
both seed and pollen grains are wingless
pollen grains are winged but seed is not
both seeds and pollen grains are winged
D.
both seeds and pollen grains are winged
Pinus is a large and economically important genus of coniferous evergreen trees chiefly of temperate regions of the northern hemisphere that includes a number which yield products (as pine tar) with medicinal applications. Winged seed and pollen grain is the
characteristic feature of Pinus.
One of the set is wrongly matched
Chrysanthemum - Sucker
Garlic - Cloves
Cyanodon - Stolon
None of the above
C.
Cyanodon - Stolon
Cynodon is a genus of plants in the grass family. It has runners.
Chrysanthemums or mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. It is propogated vegetatively either through root suckers or terminal cuttings.
The naked seeded plants are the
gymnosperms
monocots
dicots
All of these
A.
gymnosperms
Fruits are the structures that develop from maturing flower ovaries, and seeds develop from ovules inside the ovaries. Therefore, since gymnosperms have no ovaries, they do not produce fruits. Hence, they have naked seeds.
Desert can be converted into green land by planting
oxylophytes
psammophytes
halophytes
trees
B.
psammophytes
Psammophytes grow on sand and gravel. These plants may convert desert areas into greenland.
Funaria gametophyte is
dioecious
heteroecious
autoecious
monoecious and autoecious
D.
monoecious and autoecious
Funaria is a monoecious species, i.e., male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) set organs are found on the same gametopyhtic plant. Antheridia and Archegonia are found on the different leaf like branches called gametophores of the smae plant.
Which one of the following is categorised under living fossils?
Selaginella
Metasequoia
Pinus
Cycas
D.
Cycas
Cycas is categorized as a living fossil. Order-Clycadales include both living and fossil members which are originated in the upper Triassic period of the early Mesozoic era.
Chlorenchyma is known to develop in the
spore capsule of a moss
pollen tube of Pinus
cytoplasm of Chlorella
mycellium of a green mould such as Aspergillus
A.
spore capsule of a moss
The apophysis of moss capsule contains chloroplast bearing parenchymatous cells, called as chlorenchyma. Due to presence of chloroplast, chlorenchyma cells have the ability to prepare food by the process of photosynthesis.
The character found only in halophytes is
sunken stomata
vivipary
velamen tissue
heterophylly
B.
vivipary
Vivipary is the phenomenon of having seeds germinating within the fruit, eg, halophytes (mangrove plants).
Sunken stomata are found in xerophytes, heterophylly (occurrence of different kinds of leaves in a single plant) is found in hydrophytes, while velamen tissue is found in epiphytes.
Velamen provides a mechanical function protecting the vascular tissues in the root cortex, shielding the root from transpirational water loss. It also adhered the plant to the substrate.
Largest moss is
Pogonatum
Funaria
Dawsonia
Polytrichum
C.
Dawsonia
Dawsonia is the largest bryophyte (moss), which grows upto 70 cm. It is found in New Zealand and Australia.
Which one of the following is a saprophytic bryophyte?
Riccia fluitans
Buxbaumia aphylla
Funaria hygrometrica
Sphagnum
B.
Buxbaumia aphylla
Bryophytes usually grow in moist and shady places. Some bryophytes grow in diverse habitats such as aquatic (eg. Riccia jluitans), epiphytic (eg. Dendroceros and many mosses), saprophytic (eg. Buxbaumia aphylla) and in dry habitats such as dry sites (eg. Polytrichum juniperinum) deserts (eg. Tortula desertorum) and dry rocks (eg. Porella platyphylla).
Iodine is obtained from
Laminaria
Chlorella
Polysiphonia
Porphyra
A.
Laminaria
Brown algae such as Laminaria, Macrocystis, Fucus etc are the main source of iodine.
Agar-agar is obtained from
Chlorella
Spirogyra
Ulothrix
Gelidium
D.
Gelidium
Gelidium, Gracilaria, Ueterocladia are red algae having industrial importance. They produce a jelly like substance agar-agar. It is used as culture medium with a umber of different uses.
Chlorella, a green algae contains 50% protein, vitamins. Antibioic chlorel in has beer extracted from Chlorella, which found to be more effective against bacteria.
Spirogyra, a green algaeis also known as water-silk.
In Funaria, stomata are present on the
stem
leaves
capsule
apophysis
D.
apophysis
The mature sporophytein Funaria is distinguishable into foot, seta and capsule. The capsule is distinguished into opercular region theca region and apophyseal region.
Apophyseal region is lowermost part of the capsule. The epidermis of the apophyseal region has stomatal apertures. Each stoma has two guard cells, which at later stages fuse to form a single annular guard cell .
Phycobilins absorb light of wavelength
670-700 nm
610-650 nm
500-650 nm
420-520 nm
C.
500-650 nm
The photosynthetic pigments present in algae are chlorophyll, carotene and xanthophyll and phycobilin. The common phycobilins are r-phycocyanin and r-phycoerythrin. They absorb the light of wavelength 500-650 nm.
A plant having seeds but lacking flowers and fruits belong to
pteridophytes
mosses
ferns
gymnosperms
D.
gymnosperms
The plants having seeds, but lacking flowers and fruits belong to gymnosperms. The gymnosperms have naked seed (ovules) whereas the seed of angiosperms is protected by carples.
Pigments common to all algae are
chlorophyll- a and phycobilins
chlorophyll- a and carotenoids
chlorophyll- a and chlorophyll- b
chlorophyll- b and carotenoids
B.
chlorophyll- a and carotenoids
The colour of algal thallus, varies in different class of algae due to presence of definite chemical compounds or pigments. The chlorophyll- a and carotenoids are present in all algae.
Pratonema is found in the life cycle of:
Spirogyra
Rhizopus
Escherichia
Funaria
D.
Funaria
Protonema is a thread like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of the life cycle of mosses and liverworts. It is a juvenile filamentous stage formed by germination of spore in Funaria, Sophagum and Polytrichum.
Agar-agar commonly used in bacterial cultures and medication is obtained from :
Sargassum
Gelidium
Ulothrix
Ulva
B.
Gelidium
Agar-agar is a mucilage producedby certain red algae. The main sources of Agar-agar in Japan are the thalli of Gelidium, Gracilaria and Gigartina. It is used in the prepration of certain medicines and in cosmetics, leather and textile industries.
Prothallus of fem has :
antheridia and archegonia on lower surface
antheridia and archegonia on upper surface
antheridia on upper surface and archegonia on lower
antheridia on lower surface and archegonia on upper surface
A.
antheridia and archegonia on lower surface
Prothallus of fern is a gametophyte and is formed from spores. It is attached to soil by unicellular rhizoids developed from posterior part of ventral surface. It consists of sex organs, antheridia in male and archogonia in females.
Male cone of Pinus possesses :
mega sporophylls
microsporophylls
anthers
ligules
B.
microsporophylls
The male cone of Pinus has a central axis and a number of spirally arranged mirosporophylls. Each microsporophylls bears two oblong microsporangia abaxially on the proximal part.
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