A hill station city had abundance of different species of lichens a few years back. Since it has turned a busy tourist spot very few lichens are found there.

(a)What could be the possible reason for this?
(b) What measures are to be taken to conserve lichens?

Mention the ploidy of the following: protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a ferm; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.

Write a note on economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.

Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately? 

What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.

Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:
(i) protonema
(ii) antheridium
(iii) archegonium
(iv) diplontic
(v) sporophyll
(vi) isogamy

Differentiate between the following:
Red algae and brown algae

Differentiate between the following:
liverworts and moss

Differentiate between the following:
homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte

Differentiate between the following:
syngamy and triple fusion

How would you distinguish monocots from dicots?