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Relations And Functions

Question
CBSEENMA12032249
Wired Faculty App

Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b} is an equivalence relation.

Solution

R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}
where R is in the set Z of integers.
(i)    a – a = 0 = 2 .0
∴ 2 divides a – a ⇒ (a, a) ∈ R ⇒ R is reflexive.
(ii) Let (a, a) ∈ R ∴ 2 divides a – b ⇒ a – b = 2 n for some n ∈ Z ⇒ b – a = 2 (–n)
⇒ 2 divides b – a ⇒ (b. a) ∈ R
(a, ft) G R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R ∴ R is symmetric.
(iii) Let (a, b) and (b, c) ∈ R
2 divides a – b and b – c both ∴ a – b = 2 n1 and b – c = 2 n2 for some n1, n2 ∈ Z ∴ (a – b) + (b – c)= 2 n1 + 2 n2 ⇒ a – c = 2 (n1 + n2 )
⇒ 2 divides a – c
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴ (a,b), (b,c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive
From (i), (ii), (iii) it follows that R is an equivalence relation.

Some More Questions From Relations and Functions Chapter

Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation in L defined as R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is perpendicular to L2}. Show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.

 Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive :

(i) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3,....., 13, 14} defined as

R = {(x, y) : 3 x – y = 0}

(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5 and x < 4} (iii) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(x,y) : y is divisible by x} (iv) Relation R in the set Z of all integers defined as R = {(x,y) : x – y is an integer}

(v) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by
(a)    R = {(x, y) : x and y work at the same place}
(b)    R = {(x,y) : x and y live in the same locality}
(c)    R = {(x, y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}
(d)    R = {(x, y) : x is wife of y}
(e)    R = {(x,y) : x is father of y}

Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.

Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b}, is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

Check whether the relation R in R defined by R = {(a,b) : a ≤ b3} is refleive, symmetric or transitive.

If R and R’ arc reflexive relations on a set then so are R ∪ R’ and R ∩ R’. 

If R and R’ are symmetric relations on a set A, then R ∩ R’ is also a sysmetric relation on A.

Show that the union of two symmetric relations on a set is again a symmetric relation on that set.

Let A = {1. 2. 3}. Then show that the number of relations containing (1,2) and (2. 3) which are reflexive and transitive but not symmetric is four.

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