Physical Education Chapter 12 Doping

Doping means the use of banned substances like drugs and steroids by a sports person to improve his performance.

There are three types of doping:
(i) use of drugs
(ii) Blood doping
(iii)Gene doping

This is the testing when the athlete is not taking part in a competition.

Narcotics are drugs like morphine, heroin which are used by athlete to reduce pain and anxiety to improve sports performance.

List of performance enhancing substnces:

1. Stimulants
2. Anabolic Steroids
3. Di-Uretics
4. Peptide Hormones
5. Narcotics
6. Beta-2 Agonists
7. Cannabinoids

Stimulants: The athlete uses cocaine, amphetamines, Modafinil etc. as a tablet, injection or spray to improve his level and performance on sports. It reduces the reaction time and the rate of fatigue of the athlete.

Anabolic steroids: The athlete uses these substances to improve the strength and growing of the muscles. These are taken orally or by injection to enhance their performance in sports.

It is the process of increasing the red blood cells by blood transfusion. Blood doping increases haemoglobin level due to which higher amount of oxygen (O₂) is supplied to the athletes' muscles, which further leads to strengthening and growing of muscles blood doping improves stamina and performance, especially it is done by long-distance running. Cyclist and boxers etc.

Aflects of Beta- Blockers in sports performance are as follows.

1. Reduction in Blood pressure and heart rate
2. Reduce shaking of hands.
3. It reduce level of anxiety
4. It improves concentration

Use of Beta- Blockers are prohibited in sports like archery, shooting and golf etc.

The main objective of WADA is to eliminate doping from all kinds of sports competitions.

1. To be knowledgeable of and comply with all applicable anti-doping policies and rules
2. To be available for sample collection at all times.
3. To remain in direct observation of doping control officer until the sample is sealed.
4. To co-operate with an athlete during the doping test programme.
5. The athlete must show proof of identification whenever needed.

The athletes uses different types of banned substances to

1. Stimulants -
   
   1. Cause insomnia, anxiety and aggressiveness
   2. Poor Judgement
   3. Increases hypertension and body temperature
2. Anabolic steroid
   
   1. Can cause a Sudden heart attack
   2. High blood pressure
   3. Mood swings, aggression/depression
   4. Can cause impotency and baldness in males
   5. Can cause facial hair growth and deep voice in females
3. Cannabinoids:
   
   1. Reduce concentration and co-ordination
   2. Reduce lung capacity
   3. May cause heart decease and lung cancer
   4. Loss of memory
4. Beta Blockers:
   
   1. Reduces endurance
   2. A headache and weak digestion.
   3. Risk of a heart attack due to a slow heart rate.
5. Narcotics :
   
   1. Loss of balance and coordination
   2. May cause drowsiness, vomiting, constipation
   3. May cause fainting and coma
6. Diuretics:
   
   1. Can cause dehydration
   2. May lead to kidney damage
   3. Mineral imbalance and low blood pressure and drowsiness
7. Beta-2 Agonists
   
   1. Cold hands, drowsiness
   2. A headache, vomiting etc.
   3. May cause insomnia and depression.

1. Increased heart rate and Blood pressure
2. Sexual dysfunction
3. Features like a male in females
4. Physical and mental weakness
5. Complications like stroke, cardiac problems and even death
6. Breast enlargement in males
7. Premature baldness
8. Enlargement of the prostate gland
9. Irregularity in menstruation
10. The problem of depression & aggression

Blood Doping: Blood doping is a method to increase the count of red blood cells, which is done by the use of wrong banned substances. There are two methods under this.

Autologous blood doping: Two units of blood are taken some weeks prior to competition. Then the blood is frozen until one or two days before the competition when it is injected into the athlete. This is called autologous blood doping.

Homologous blood doping: The injection of fresh blood, taken from a second person, straight into the athlete is called homologous blood doping. This improves the oxygen-carrying capacity to the muscles by increasing the count of red blood cells (RBC) so the muscle endurance is increased which improves the aerobic capacity and sports performance.

Gene Doping: Gene doping is the manipulation of cells or genes to enhance the body's sports performance. It can be used to improve the work function of normal healthy cells. Gene therapy plays an important role in the growth and development of muscles and bones. It also speeds up the person to repair of the injured muscle tendons and ligaments.

Chemical and Physical Manipulation: Any tampering with the samples during doping control during or after any competition is prohibited.