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Politics of Planned Development
Question
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Highlight the circumstances which gave birth to the idea of New International Economic Order (NIEO). Explain any two factors that weakened this initiative.

 

Answer

Circumstances for the birth to the idea of NIEO :-

(i) The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries — a majority of them were categorised as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) — was to be more developed economically
(ii) The people of these countries were to be lifted out of the vicious circle of poverty.
(iii)Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new countries. Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free.
(iv)It would remain dependent on the richer countries including the colonial powers from which political freedom had been achieved.

 Factors that weakened this initiative
i) Stiff opposition from the developed countries who acted as a united group
ii) The non-aligned countries struggled to maintain their unity in the face of this opposition.

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Some More Questions From Politics of Planned Development Chapter

The idea of planning in India was drawn from

(a) the Bombay plan (c) experiences of the Soviet bloc countries

(b) Gandhian vision of society (d) Demand by peasant organisations

Match the following:

What were the major differences in the approach towards development at the time of Independence ? Has the debate been resolved ?

What was the major thrust of the First Five Year Plan ? In which ways did the Second Plan differ from the first one?

What was the Green Revolution ? Mention two positive and two negative consequences of the Green Revolution.

State the main arguments in the debate that ensued between industrialisation and agricultural development at the time of the Second Five Year Plan.

“Indian policy makers made a mistake by emphasising the role of state in the economy. India could have developed much better if private sector was allowed a free play right from the beginning”. Give arguments for or against thisproposition.

Read the following passage and answer the questions below:

“In the early years of Independence, two contradictory tendencies were already well advanced inside the Congress party. On the one hand, the national party executive endorsed socialist principles of state ownership, regulat ion and control over key sectors of the economy in order to improve productivity and at the same time curb economic concentration. On the other hand, the national Congress government pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private investment that was justified in terms of the sole criterion of achieving maximum increase in production. ” — Francine Frankel

(a) What is the contradiction that the author is talking about ? What would be the political implications of a contradiction like this ?

(b) If the author is correct, why is it that the Congress was pursuing this policy ? Was it related to the nature of the opposition parties ?

(c) Was there also a contradiction between the central leadership of the Congress party and its State level leaders ?

Why did the Orissa government sign Memorandum of Understanding with both international and domestic steel makers ?

What was the fear of the environmentalists about setting up of POSCO plant in Orissa ?