Substances from A to E have in them the distribution of electrons, neutrons and protons as follows:

Substances	Electrons	Neutrons	Protons
A B C D E	4 8 18 17 17	4 9 22 20 18	3 9 18 17 17

Making use of these data find—
(i) a cation,
(ii) an anion,
(iii) atom of noble gas.

Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.

Summarize the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen elements.

Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.

Explain with examples, (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii) Isotopes, and (iv) Isobars. Give any two uses of isotopes also.

Na⁺ has completely filled K and L-shells. Explain.

If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.

Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under


                              X        Y
Protons  =                6        6
Neutrons=                6        6

Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?

For the following statements, write T for True and F for False.

(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.

(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is neutral.

(c) The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times that of proton.

(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine.

Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery of