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Structural Change
Discuss background and factors for rapid industrialisation in independent India.
(i) Background: The British colonial state had an important role in the way industrialisation and urbanisation took place in India. Here we very briefly touch upon how the independent Indian states played an active role in promoting industrialisation. And in some sense was responding to the impact that colonialism had on the growth of industry in India.
(ii) Factors or Causes:
(a) For Indian nationalists the issue of economic exploitation under colonial rule was a central issue. Images of pre-colonial fabled riches of India contrasted with the poverty of British India.
(b) The Swadeshi movement strengthened loyalty to the national economy.
(c) Modern ideas made people realise that poverty was preventable. Indian nationalists saw rapid industrialisation of the economy as the path towards both growth and social equity.
(iii) Steps for Development:
(a) Development of heavy and machine-making industries, expansion of the public sector and holding of a large co-operative sector were considered very important.
(b) A modern and prosperous India, as visualised by Jawaharlal Nehru, was to be built on an edifice of giant steel plants or gigantic dams and power stations.
(c) Read Nehru’s remarks on the Bhakra Nangal Dam:
Our engineers tell us that probably nowhere else in the world is there a dam as high as this. The work bristles with difficulties and complications. As I walked around the site I thought that these days the biggest temple and mosques and gurdwara is the place where man works for the good of mankind. Which place can be greater than this, this Bhakra Nangal, where thousands and lakhs of men have worked have shed their blood and sweat and laid down their lives as well?
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(a) Colonialism (b) Industrialisation (c) Urbanisation.
Discuss briefly that tea plantation industry in India was governed by colonial interest.
Mention two major factors kept in minds for the benefit of the British tea planters by the colonial administrators.
Why is there importance of change in human-life?
What is the importance of the study of social change in our country?
“The idea of continuity is implied in social change”, explain the statement in brief.
Give a brief account of the impact of colonial forest policy in North-East India.
What is meant by structural change?
Why do we say that nation state have become the important political form after the first decade of the twentieth century. Briefly explain your answer.
Read the following passage and answer the both questions given at its end. (Passage).
Tea industry began in India in 1851. Most of the tea gardens were situated in Assam. In 1903, the industry employed 4,79,000 permanent and 93,000 temporary employees. Since Assam was sparsely populated and the tea plantations were often located on uninhabited hillsides, bulk of the sorely needed labour had to be imported from other provinces. But to bring thousands of people every year from their far-off homes into strange lands, possessing an unhealthy climate and infected with strange fevers, required the provision of financial and other incentives, which the tea-planters of Assam were unwilling to offer. Instead, they had recourse to fraud and coercion; and they persuaded the government to aid and abet them in this unholy task by passing penal laws. ...The recruitment of labourers for tea gardens of Assam was carried on for years mostly by contractors under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act (No. Ill) of 1863 of Bengal as amended in 1865, 1870 and 1873.
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