Distinguish between ‘instrumental aggression’ and ‘hostile aggression’. Suggest some strategies to reduce aggression and violence.

• Aggression: According to psychologists, aggression refers to any behaviour by a person that is intended to cause harm to another person or persons to take revenge. For example, aggression It can be demonstrated in actual action or through the use of harsh words or criticism or even hostile feelings against others.

• Violence: Forceful destructive behaviour towards another person or persons to attain some material gain is violence.

Instrumental Aggression:

The act of aggression is meant to obtain a certain goal or get others, possessions forcefully. For example, A bully slaps a new student in school so that he can snatch the new comer's chocolate. In violence, individual may or may not have the intention to harm others in terms of revenge. It is forceful destructive behaviour. e.g., hitting a person just to loot his money.

Hostile Aggression:

An expression of anger towards the target, with the intention of harming him/her even if the aggressor does not wish to obtain anything from the victim. For example, A criminal may beat up a person in the community for mentioning his name to the police. Aggression can be reduced by creating the appropriate attitude towards the general problem of growing aggression.

(a) Parenting:

• Parents and teacher should be specially careful not to encourage aggression in any form. The use of punishment to bring about discipline also needs to be changed.

(b) Modelling:

• Opportunities to observe and imitate the behaviour of aggressive models should be reduced drastically.

Portraying aggression as heroic behaviour should be particularly avoided because this may set the stage for learning through observation.

(c) Implementing social justice and equality in society:

• It will help in reducing frustration levels and thereby curb aggressive tendencies at least to some extent.

(d) Inculcating positive attitude towards peace at the level of community or society. The father of our nation, Mahatma Gandhi, gave the world a new view to peace that was not simply the absence of aggression. This was non-violence. It should be taught to the younger generation.