How was it shown that an atom has a lot of empty space within it?

Explain with examples, (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii) Isotopes, and (iv) Isobars. Give any two uses of isotopes also.

Na⁺ has completely filled K and L-shells. Explain.

If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.

Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are given as under


                              X        Y
Protons  =                6        6
Neutrons=                6        6

Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?

For the following statements, write T for True and F for False.

(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.

(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is neutral.

(c) The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times that of proton.

(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine.

Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment was responsible for the discovery of

Isotope of an element has

Number of valence electrons in Cl^- ion are

Which one of the following is a correct ? Electronic configuration of sodium

(a) 2, 8,2 (b) 8, 2, 1 (c) 2, 1, 8 (d) 2, 8, 1.