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Our Past Iii Part I Chapter 1 How, When And Where

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    NCERT Solution For Class 8 Social Science Our Past Iii Part I

    How, When And Where Here is the CBSE Social Science Chapter 1 for Class 8 students. Summary and detailed explanation of the lesson, including the definitions of difficult words. All of the exercises and questions and answers from the lesson's back end have been completed. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science How, When And Where Chapter 1 NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science How, When And Where Chapter 1 The following is a summary in Hindi and English for the academic year 2021-2022. You can save these solutions to your computer or use the Class 8 Social Science.

    Question 1
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    James Mill divided Indian history into three periods

    Hindu
    Muslim
    Christian
    Solution
    A. TRUE
    Question 4
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    What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
    Solution

    James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, had published a massive three-volume work, 'A History of British India' in 1817. In this he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British.

    It is difficult to refer to any period of history as ‘Hindu’ or ‘Muslim’ because a variety of faiths had existed simultaneously during these periods. It is also not justified to characterise an age through the religion of the rulers of the time. It is even worth-mentioning that even rulers in ancient India did not share the same faith.

    Question 5
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    Why did the British preserve official documents?
    Solution

    The British believed that by preserving official documents it would have been easier for them or to know about the decisions taken in the past. According to the British, writing was more important than speaking as the documents in archives and museums can be utilized for reference at a much later period whenever required for studying or debating.

    Question 6
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    How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
    Solution

    Police reports are official records, they tell us what the officials thought, what they were interested in, and what they wished to preserve for posterity. These records do not always help us understand what other people in the country felt, and what lay behind their actions.

    Whereas newspapers provide accounts of the movements in different parts of the country. 

    Question 9
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    The National Archives of India came up in the

    • 1920s

    • 1930s

    • 1940s

    • 1950s
    Solution

    A.

    1920s

    Question 11
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    Census operations are held

    • every five years

    • every seven years

    • every ten years

    • every twelve years
    Solution

    C.

    every ten years

    Question 14
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    A History of British India is a massive ____________ work.
    Solution

    three-volume

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    Question 18
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    Printing began to spread by the middle of the 20th century.
    Solution
    A. FALSE
    Question 22
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    Match the following options:

    A. A place where historical documents or records of a government etc are kept (i) Museum
    B. A building in which objects of historical or scientific interest are kept to show them to the public (ii) Colonisation
    C. An important taste of the British administration (iii) Archives
    D. Subjugation of one country by another (iv) Carying out surveys

    Solution

    A.

    A place where historical documents or records of a government etc are kept

    (i)

    Archives

    B.

    A building in which objects of historical or scientific interest are kept to show them to the public

    (ii)

    Museum

    C.

    An important taste of the British administration

    (iii)

    Carying out surveys

    D.

    Subjugation of one country by another

    (iv)

    Colonisation

    Question 23
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    Mention the events for which specific dates can be determined.
    Solution

    The year a king was crowned, the year he married, the year he had a child, the year he fought a particular war, the year he died, and the year the next ruler succeeded to the throne. For events such as these, specific dates can be determined.

    Question 24
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    What was an important aspect of the histories written by British historians in India?
    Solution

    The rule of each Governor-General was an important aspect,  of the histories written by British historians in India.

    Question 25
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    Who was James Mill?
    Solution

    James Mill was a Scottish economist and political philosopher who had  published 'A History of British India'.

    Question 26
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    What did Mill think of Asian societies?
    Solution

    Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.

    Question 27
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    Write the evil practices that dominated the Indian social life, according to James Mill.
    Solution

    According to James Mill the evil practices that dominated  the Indian social life were religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices.

    Question 28
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    How did paintings project Governor-General?
    Solution

    Paintings projected Governor-Generals as powerful figures.

    Question 29
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    Why do many historians refer to modern period as colonial?
    Solution

    It is because, under British rule people did not have equality, freedom or liberty. Nor was the period one of economic growth and progress.

    Question 30
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    Mention one important source used by historians in writing Indian history.
    Solution

    The important source were official records of the British administration.

    Question 31
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    Why was census held?
    Solution

    Census operations were held every ten years to prepare detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, noting information on castes, religions and occupation.

    Question 32
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    How were official records not helpful?
    Solution

    Official records do not tell what other people in the country felt, and what lay behind their actions.

    Question 33
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    Why do we try and divide history into different periods?
    Solution

    We do so in order to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear to us.

    Question 34
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    Write a note on James Mill thought of India.
    Solution

    Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.

    (i)According to his telling of history, before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country.

    (ii)Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices dominated social life.

    (iii)British rule, Mill felt, could civilise India.

    (iv)To do this it was necessary to introduce European manners, arts, institutions and laws in India.

    (v)Mill, in fact, suggested that the British should conquer all the territories in India to ensure the enlightenment and happiness of the Indian people. For India was not capable of progress without British help.

    Question 35
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    Historians have usually divided Indian history into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’. This division too has its problems. Explain.
    Solution
    Moving away from British classification, historians have usually divided Indian history into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’. This division too has its problems:

    It is a periodisation that is borrowed from the West where the modern period was associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity – science, reason, democracy, liberty and equality. Medieval was a term used to describe a society where these features of modern society did not exist.

    British rule people did not have equality, freedom or liberty. Nor was the period one of economic growth and progress. Many historians therefore refer to this period as ‘colonial’.








    Question 36
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    What did the British do to preserve important official documents and letters?
    Solution

    The British also felt that all important documents and letters needed to be carefully preserved.

    So they set up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions. The village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office, the provincial secretariats, the lawcourts – all had their record rooms. Specialised institutions like archives and museums were also established to preserve important records.

    Question 37
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    What were the other sources for the historians?
    Solution

    The other sources were diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, and popular booklets that were sold in the local bazaars.

    Question 38
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    Describe the impact of British colonialism on India.
    Solution
    The impact of British colonialism on India:

    (i)British conquered the country and establish their rule, subjugating local nawabs and rajas.

    (ii)They established control over the economy and society, collected revenue to meet all their expenses, bought the goods they wanted at low prices, produced crops they needed for export.

    (iii)British rule also brought about changes in values and tastes, customs and practices.
    Question 39
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    Describe the methods employed by the Britisher to preserve records in the nineteenth century.
    Solution
    In the early years of the nineteenth century documents were carefully copied out and beautifully written by calligraphists – that is, by those who specialised in the art of beautiful writing. By the middle of the nineteenth century, with the spread of printing, multiple copies of these records were printed as proceedings of each government department.

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    Question 40
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    Explain the importance of survey under the colonial administration.
    Solution
    The practice of surveying became common under the colonial administration.

    (i)The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered.

    (ii)By the early nineteenth century detailed surveys were being carried out to map the entire country. In the villages, revenue surveys were conducted.

    (iii)The effort was to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, and the cropping pattern – all the facts seen as necessary to know about to administer the region. From the end of the nineteenth century, Census operations were held every ten years.

    (iv)These prepared detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, noting information on castes, religions and occupation.

    (v)There were many other surveys – botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forest surveys.
    Question 41
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    Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow:

    (i) What does the above picture suggest?
    (ii)Who had produced it and when?
    Solution
    (i) It shows Brahmans offering the Shastras to Britannia. The picture here tries to suggest that Indians willingly gave over their ancient texts to Britannia – the symbol of British power – as if asking her to become the protector of Indian culture

    (ii) It was produced by James Rennel in 1782.
    Question 42
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    Read the picture depicted below and answer the questions that follow:

    (i) What is it?
    (ii) When did it come up?
    (iii) Where was it located when Delhi was built?
    (iv) What does this location reflect?
    Solution

    (i) It is the National Archives of India.
    (ii) It came up in the 1920s.
    (iii) When Delhi was built, it was located close to the Viceregal Palace.
    (iv) It reflects the importance of this institution had in the British imagination.

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