Physical Education Chapter 1 Planning In Sports

Bye is a privilege given to a team,generally by drawing lots, exempting it from playing a match in the first round.

Intramurals
1.It mean that the activities which are performed within the walls or within the campus of an institution are called 'intramurals.
2.These activities are organised only for the students of a school or institution.
3.No student of other school can participate in these activities.
Extramurals
1.It mean that the activities, which are performed outside the walls of an institution or school.
2.It mean that the activities,which are organised by an institution/school and the students of two or more schools also participate in them.
3.In extramural competition, the students of other schools also participate in sports related activities.it is also called inter-school competitions.

In this method, the strong team are selected to keep them at appropriate place in the fixture.The no. of seeded teams shall be the power of two like 2,4,8,16,etc.

Essential for physical, mental, emotional and social development of students • Develops moral and ethical values of the students • Develops health of the children • Calm down the fighting instinct of the children • Refresh the child and make them agile. • Provides maximum recreation • Provide opportunity to the maximum number of students to participate in sports • Develops leadership qualities among the children.

1. Arrangement committee 2. Technical committee 3. Transport committee 4. Boarding and lodging committee 5. Decoration committee 6. Ground and equipment committee 7. Refreshment committee 8. Committee for officials 9. Announcement committee 10. First aid committee

• It promotes mass participation.
• It provides fun, enjoyment and recreation to students.
• It helps to identify the talent among one’s classmates.
• It develops social values such as honesty, discipline, cooperation and sympathetic attitude.
• Variety of opportunities provide good leadership skills.

1. Select members who are excited about the project : If you’ve been working with the same committee for years, they may be growing bored or frustrated with the annual undertaking.
2.  Clearly define tasks : Progress on your event will come to a halt if your committee members don’t know what to do next. At the end of each planning session, members should know their next steps and the deadlines for completing each task.
3.  Plan ahead : Send committee members the meeting schedule several weeks in advance so they can clear the time to attend meetings.
4.  Establish goals and expectations : When someone joins your committee, communicate clearly how much time they should set aside to complete their tasks.

Essential element of sport environment-
In a school essential element of sports environment can be as follows:-

(a) Ground for outdoor sports.

(b) Indoor Hall.

(c) Swimming Pool.

(d) Necessary safe Equipments.

(e) Qualified Physical Education teachers and specialized coaches.

(f) Inter School Competitions.

 Positive sports environment is the condition and circumstances which are favourable and beneficial for the sportspersons who perform sports activities. Behaviour and attitude of the spectators towards coaches, players and officials should be positive. They should not pass any negative comment towards players, referee, umpire and any other game officials. They should not indulge them in any type of violence. They should try to motivate the players so that they may put up better performance. In this way the spectators can play a vital role for creating positive sports environment.

Ethics in Sports. Ethics is a set of principies of right conduct. So, ethics in sports means to have an ideal conduct and knowledge of good and evil and what should be done and what should not be done by the persons, who are engaged in the field of sports and games.

League Tournament. In this type of tournament, each team plays with every other team once, if it is a single league tournament. If it is a double league tournament, each team plays with every other team twice. In these types of tournament, every team plays with every other team without any consideration of victory or defeat.
Fixtures of 6 teams: 
Total number of teams = 6
Total number of matches -(N-1) 6(6-1) =-2-=-2-
6(5) 30 -=- = 15 matches 2 2 .
Number of rounds = N - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5 rounds.
Fixtures I R II R IIIR IV R V R 16 CD/ 5 CDI /4 CDI/3 CDI12 CD 45 213 4 3 6 2 263 5 2 6 4 5 6 5 4, 3

Four terminologies of Basketball:
(a) Held Ball. (i) A situation in which both opposing players hold the ball, but neither of them gets possession; this is resolved by the referee by throwing the ball in the air between them. (ii) when a player makes no real attempt to put the ball into play.
(b) Jump Ball. To toss the ball between opposing players to start or restart a game is called a jump ball.
(c) Rebound. This term is used when the ball bounces off the backboard or the basket.
(d) Throw in. A method of pulling the ball into play from out of bounds.

There are two types of round robin tournament. 
i) Single league tournament.
  ii) Double league tournament.
Difference
i) In single league tournament every team plays with every other team once in its pool+ N(N-1) 2.
ii) In double league tournament every team plays with every other team twice in its pool N(N-1).

Leadership may be defined as the quality of the person to lead others or direct others.

Specific sports programmes are for specific cause like awareness, unity health or any social cause.
i) Health run ii) Run for fun iii) Run for specific cause iv) Run for unity

Health runs- are organised by health department, sports department or social organisations. Usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. Health run is such a great physical activity that offers a significant health benefits’ Health run does not require any specific preparation. There is no competition in it but registration of participants is required in advance. The date and time is also fixed well in advance. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is also fixed up.

Run for fun- is also organised with an objective to spread the message among the masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy. It is also organised in the same way as the health runs. Run for fun is more rerated to have fun during the run. In fact, run for fun is a friendly race that involves either road running or cross country running taking part for their own enjoyment and recreation rather than competition.
Generally’ run for fun is organised to raise funds for a charity. The sponsors only deduct the organisational expenditures. Run for fun can include novel categories such as wearing costumes and age categories for children, teenagers and adults.

.i) Energetic
ii) Decision maker
iii) Intelligent
iv) Social
v) Co-operative
vi) Commanding
vii) Determination

Formula for giving Bye = Next power of 2 – No. of Teams Upper Half = nb + ½ , Lower Half = nb – ½ (Full Marks for formula of allotment of UF & LF, bye , ½ Marks for power of two )

Safety measure in river rafting:
1. Do not try to go on rafting trip alone.
2. Never try to go rafting in dark.
3. Do not drink water from river.
4. Use water proof footwear.
5. Raft under the supervision of experts
6. Do not eat leaves, fruits, flowers or mushrooms.
7. Always carry a medical kit
8. Don’t over exert yourself. 

Steps to form various committees:
Sports events are organised at various levels which include district, state, national or international levels’ Such tournaments require careful planning in order to be successful’ Committees are formed at various levels. A letter is sent to all concerned for participation. Various steps are:

• Meetings are conducted at regular interval.
• Experts in various areas are identified.
• Pre-meet work organising committee is set up for the purchase of equipment, layout of courts, etc.
• Welcome/Reception committee and a Technical committee to officiate during the sports meet is also formed.

Planning is the primary function of management. It is essential because planning sets the basis for organizational structure and evaluation. It is important to establish a sound planning foundation. Such an approach depends on the organization’s view of sports and its role in the community. This view or philosophy can often be ascertained by examining the overall goals and purposes of the organization.

When the total no of teams are not in power of two (i.e. 2,4,8,16,32,64) then byes are given to some team. Those teams get the bye they do not play in the 1st round they directly play in the 2nd round.

Seeding is a special advantage given to last year winner & runner-up team or to the good teams of the Tournament with the help of seeding teams can be directly entered into any round except the final round seeding always given in form of power of two i.e. (2,4,8,16,32).

Tournament is a planning to conduct a sports/games or series of games/sports in which a team/individual finally wins and rest team/individual lose the competition. This planning includes all possible ways to conduct the games/sports in a smooth and successful manner.

A tournament where a team once defeated automatically gets eliminated from the tournament and only the winning team continues. The defeated team is not given a second opportunity.

If the total number of teams are not in power of 2 like 2, 4, 8,16,32,64, etc., the total number of teams minus the next highest power of two are given bye. The teams given the byes get an opportunity to play directly in the second round of the game. The formula for bye is:

No. of teams – next highest power of 2= no. of byes.

$$\begin{gathered} \mathrm{No}. \mathrm{of} \mathrm{byes} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{upper} \mathrm{half} = \frac{{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{B}} + 1}{2} \\ \mathrm{No}. \mathrm{of} \mathrm{byes} \mathrm{in} \mathrm{lower} \mathrm{half} =\frac{{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{B}} + 1}{2} \end{gathered}$$

In a knock-out tournament, a good team eliminated in the first round gets a setback. One additional chance is given to the defeated team depending upon the organizers wish. In this tournament, the winner is declared from the defeated team.

Extramural means the activates organized by an institution/school and the participants of two or more schools/intuitions participate in the extramural competitions are also called inter-school/intercollege/inter-university competitions.

A tournament where every team plays with every other team once and the no. of matches is determine with the help of N(N-1)where N stands for no. of teams participating in the tournament.

A tournament where every team plays with every team twice. The no. of matches is determined with the help of N (N-1).

There are four types of tournaments:

1. Knock-out tournament
2. League or Round Robin tournament
3. Combination tournament
4. Challenge tournament

Intermural means the activities performed in the campus of an institution. These activities are organized only for the students of one school or institution. No student of other schools/institutions can participate in these activities. Intermural competition is one of the best means to motivate all the students of intuitions.

A tournament conducted for different groups or zones basis by the combination of minimum two types of tournaments are known as combination tournament.

The examples are:

1. Knock-out cum knock-out basis
2. League cum league basis
3. Knock-out cum league basis and
4. League cum knock-out basis

Runs organized by the health department, Sports department or social organizations with a purpose to ameliorate the standard of health in a specific area district, state or country along with raising funds for charity. There is no competition but registration of participants is required in advance. The date, time and distance for the run is also fixed well in advance. There is no age limit in health runs. All the participants should take a proper note of the guideline given for the health run for a safe and effective running experience.

In this type of tournament, the total teams are divided into four Zones. All the teams play their matches within their Zone on a league basis. Further, the winner of each team again plays with each other or league basis. Finally, One team is declared as the winner of inter-zonal or group tournament.

A) If the scheduled time and expenditure for the conduct of the tournament is insufficient as per the no. of participating teams.

B) If the no. of participating is more in proportion to the scheduled time and expenditure.

C) If the no. Of official is insufficient.

The tournaments are very important in the field of sports for the participants,

coaches and physical education teachers:-

a) The tournaments help in developing the technical and tactical skills of a player/team and the game as a whole.

b) In tournament players and teams of different games come forward to participate from different parts of the state or country thus the tournament proved a chance to search new talent in the sport.

c) The tournament provides ample recreation to the spectators. That is why a large no. of people go to watch the Olympic game and world cups of various games and sports.

In this type of tournament, a team‟s once defected automatically gets eliminated. Only the winning teams continuing in the tournament. A team winning all the matches in the tournaments is finally declared as the winning team.

Teams:

In the 1st round, team A and B, as well as C and D, play their matches. If team B and team D become the winner of the 1st round, these team, i.e., B and D get the opportunity to play in the 2nd round and team A and team C will be eliminated from the tournament. Finally, team D becomes the winner of the tournament.

Advantage of a knock-out tournament:

1. The knock-out tournaments are less expensive because the team, which gets defeated, is eliminated from the competition.
2. The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports because each team tries to present the best performance to avoid the defeat.
3. Owing to less number of matches, it requires less time to complete the tournament.
4. Minimum numbers of the officers are required in organizing such type of tournaments.

The disadvantage of a knock-out tournament

1. There may be many chances of elimination of good teams in the 1st or 2nd round. So, good teams may not reach into the final round.
2. There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.
3. Spectators may have enough interest in the final match.

The advantage of the league tournament,

There are following advantage of league tournament:

1. Only strong or deserving team gets a victory in the tournament.
2. Every team gets a full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
3. Sports and games can be made more popular through league tournament owing to a maximum number of matches.
4. In such type of tournament, the sports officials do not face any difficulty while selecting or determining the appropriate players or team. They have enough time to watch the efficiency and performance of a player.
5. A team need not wait to win another team for playing a match.
   Appropriate opportunities are available to the players to improve their performance.
6. The spectators also get a good opportunity to watch the game for many days.

The disadvantage of league tournament: There is following disadvantage of league tournament:

1. It requires more time.
2. It costs more.
3. The team coming from far and wide generally faces more problems because such tournament wastes their time and money.
4. It requires more arrangement for sports officials and teams.
5. Most of the teams become psychologically down due to their defeat again and again. In such a situation, these teams become unable to show good performance. That is why the spectators do not get proper recreation.

1) To provide an opportunity to every student to participate in games and sports: To provide ample opportunities to every student in games and sports in one of the major objectives of intramurals. Generally, few students are able to participate in zonal level and district level games and sports. But in intramural each and every student can take part in games and sports. So, it can be said that to provide ample opportunities to all the students to participate in games and sports is the major objective of intramural.

2) To develop the feeling of sportsmanship: To develop the feeling of sportsmanship is another vital objective of intramurals. Sportsmanship means to show respect and courtesy to opponents and officials. It also means to be humble in victory and gracious in defeat. The intramural competitions develop the feeling of such qualities among students who participate in such activities.

3) To provide the opportunity to develop a personality: To provide the opportunity to develop the personality of students is another objective of intramural activities. These activities provide a number of opportunities to develop the physical, mental, social and emotional aspects of personality.

1) Improve the standard of sports: it is one of the objectives of inter-school or extramural competitions to improve the standard of sports. By participating in extramural, the students become technically and tactically efficient in respective sports. They become skilful. They become able to perform well in competitions. In this way, extramural improve the standard of sports.

2) To provide experience to students: Experience has its own value in any field. Extramural provide experience to students who participate in such competitions. Due to experience, students exhibit good performance in competitions.

3) To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques: To provide the knowledge of new rules, regulations, advanced techniques and tactics of sports and games to the students is another important objective of extramural. Students come to know about new rules and regulation of the game and sports. They learn new techniques as well as tactics which enable them efficient in improving their performance.

Activities for Intramural competition:

There are a number of activities which may be included in intramural competitions. Mainly, the selection of activities of activities should be based on two factors viz. interest of students and the availability of facilities in the institution or school.

These activities should be capable of achieving the goals of education and general development of the students. Hence, the selection should be made out of the following categories of activities:

1. Major games: volleyball, Hockey, Cricket, Basketball, Kabaddi, Swimming, Athletics, Cycling, Wrestling, Football, etc
2. Minor games: Shuttle run, Kho-Kho, Circle game, Tag game, Roller skating, potato race, sack race and three-legged race, etc.
3. Rhythmic: Lazium, Dumbbell, Marching, Folk dance, Group dance, Solo dance, Mass P.T. and rhythmic gymnastics, etc.
4. Creative Activities: painting, drawing, Sculpturing, Making models.
5. Combative Activities: Boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, Karate, etc.

Staircase method:- in staircase method the fixture is made just like a ladder or a staircase in this method no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or add the number of teams.

There are various objectives of planning which are stated below:

1) To enhance the sports performance: It is also one of the significant objectives to enhance the sports performance of athletes or players. Without proper planning, it is impossible to improve the performance of sportspersons. In fact, training in sports is useless if it is not well planned.

2) To keep good control over all the activities: to keep a good control over all the activities is another objective of planning. Planning and control are connected with each other. Planning helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

3) To facilitate proper coordination: this objective of planning is related to facilitate proper coordination among the various member of committees, formed for organizing the competition smoothly. A proper planning helps in making the proper coordination.

4) To reduce the chances of mistakes: To reduce the chances of mistakes is also a significant objective of planning. A proper plan reduces the chances of mistakes and oversights. If there are a number of mistakes in organizing an event, it will not leave a good impression on the participants.

5) To increase the efficiency: to increase the efficiency of sports officials in conducting sports events/competitions is one of the main objectives of planning. It is the important purpose of planning to increase the capability and efficiency of officials.

Total no. of matches:-

Total no teams -1 13-1=12 matches

Total no of round = 2*2*2*2

Digit 2 repeats four times so no of round = 4 rounds

Total no bye:- next power of 2- total no. of team 16-13 =03

$$\begin{gathered} \mathrm{Number} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{team} \mathrm{is} \mathrm{upper} \mathrm{half} \\ = \frac{\mathrm{Total} \mathrm{number} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{team} + 1}{2} =\frac{13+1}{2} \\ = 07 \mathrm{Team} \\ \mathrm{Number} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{team} \mathrm{is} \mathrm{lower} \mathrm{half} \\ = \frac{\mathrm{Total} \mathrm{number} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{team} - 1}{2} =\frac{13-1}{2} \\ = 06 \mathrm{Team} \end{gathered}$$

Total no matches = Total no of team -1 = 24 -1 = 23

Total no. round = 2*2*2*2*2

i.e. Digit 2 report 5 times = 5 rounds

So total no round = 5 round

Total team in upper half = Total no of teams

= 24/2 = 12 teams

Total team in lower half = Total no of teams

= 24/2 = 12 teams

As the total no of teams are more then 16 so we have to divide teams
also in quarter.

Teams in each quarter : 4 ] 24 [ 6 (Q=6) =24
R=0

Total No bye= next power of two-total no of team

= 32-24 = 08 byes

Bye in upper half = 8/2 = 4

Bye in lower half = 8/2 = 4

list of committees for organizing sports events:
1. Committee for publicity.
2. Transport committee.
3. Boarding and loading committee.
4. Decoration and ceremony.
5. Refreshment and Entertainment committee.
6. Reception committee.
7. Ground and Equipment committee.
8. Announcement committee.
9. Committee for Officials

1. Transport committee: this committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding the transportation of various teams to the venue of sports events or the place of boarding and lodging as the case of maybe. Its main duty is to make necessary arrangements for transportation.
2. Boarding and lodging committee: Boarding lodging committee is responsible for making necessary arrangement for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons and officials.
3. Decoration and ceremony committee: decoration and ceremony committee is
   responsible for the decoration of the sports area of the stadium. It is also responsible to make the necessary arrangements for the opening ceremony, victory ceremony and closing ceremony of the games/sports meet. This committee also makes arrangements for trophies, medals and certificates.
4. Ground and equipment committee: this committee is responsible for making the grounds or laying out the track and field. This committee also makes necessary arrangements of equipment related to the games/athletic meet. This committee is also responsible for providing the equipment according to specifications.
5. Refreshment and Entertainment committee: this committee takes the charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to the guests, officials and competitors etc. it also makes some arrangement for entertainment programmes at the opening ceremony and closing ceremony of sports events.
6. Reception committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies. It is also the duty of this committee welcome the other guests and spectators.
7. Committee for Officials: the committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, recorders, clerks of the course, starters, marshals, track umpires, timekeepers and lap scorers for athletic meet and referee, umpires, timekeepers, recorders, and judges, etc. in case of games as per requirement.
8. Announcement committee: this committee is solely responsible for making various announcements during the sports meet or games. This committee announces regarding opening and closing ceremonies, which and when an event is going to take place, the name of officials, who are conducting the event and the running commentary of games/sports event.

Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually related to competitions. These sports programmes have different objective such as creating awareness among people regarding unity, health and diseases like AIDS, swine flu, etc. and raising funds for charitable institutions or organizations. These sports programmes are described below:

Health Run: Health runs are organized by the health department or sports department. usually, their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance cource of running is also fixed up. Before going into health runs, everyone should take a note of the following suggestions to make the running experience safe and effective:

1. Avoid tension. Make sure that your arms, shoulder, neck and finger are relaxed. Hands should be unclenched.
2. Your breathing should be rhythmic and deep.
3. Don‟t bend your body from hip level.
4. Run softly and your strides should be normal.
5. Your both arms should swing equally.

Run for unity: such a run is organized with a specific purpose, i.e., to show unity and peace among the people of different religion. Its purpose may be national and international integration and brotherhood. In some countries run for unity is organized to celebrate their independence. It may be in the from of relay, they feel united. A lot of people participate in this race from the corporate world, film stars and marathon runners from other countries. The cash prize is given to the first three position holders. Such runs promote harmony, peace and solidarity among people of different religions. It brings a sense of togetherness among people.

Specific sports programs are those programs of sports which are often not related to the competition these programs are designed with multiple objectives with their focus on the well being or an individual the aims of the programme is to create awareness among the common people regarding unity & integrity prevention & protection against various diseases etc.

Specific sports programmes

Sports Day: Sports day is organized in the school once in the year so that the all-round development of children could be done various physical and recreation activities are conducted on sports day it is organized by almost each and every school on sports day every child gets ample opportunities to take part in the activity of there choice. Due to these days, most of the students get experience as an organizer as well as administrator sports day also provide an opportunity to select talent for future.

Health Run: These programmers are organized by health and sports department to raise the standards of health and also to raise funds for charity registration of participants is done in advanced and day and time is fixed there is no age bar. People of any age can take part. There is no competition. These provide significant health benefits. But precautionary 27 measures must be taken before participating i.e. proper sports kit health status of the individual.

Run for Fun: This is to create awareness among people to keep fit and healthy there is fun and frolic while on the run there is no competition it is commonly organized for arranging funds for charity it can perform it in different customs different age group children like adults teenage etc.

Run for Unity: This is to inculcate peace and harmony among the people of the different religion of faith. Its purpose may be either national or international brotherhood many people from corporate world film stars and marathon racers from abroad take part, first, three position holders get cash prize it can either be a long distance race or a really. In a relay race, every participant runs a specific distance and given the opportunity to the teammate to participate. So these runs bring a sense of togetherness among people.