Contemporary India Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

B.

Cement

B.

SAIL

A.

Aluminium

A.

Steel

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. For instance, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron-ore and aluminium from bauxite.

The three physical factors for the location of an industry are:

(i) Availability of raw material.

(ii) Power 

(iii) Labour

The three human factors for the location of an industry are:

(i) Labour

(ii) Capital

(iii) Transport and communication

Basic industries are which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods.

Examples: Iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting industries.

The important raw materials used in manufacturing of cement are:

(i) Limestone

(ii) Silica

(iii) Alumina

(iv) Gypsum

Differences between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants: 

Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.

An integrated steel plant is large, handles everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.

The following problems are being faced by iron and steel industry:

(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal

(b) Lower productivity of labour

(c) Irregular supply of energy 

(d) Poor infrastructure.

Recent Developments: 

Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs. 

Industries have increased pollution and degraded environment. Industries create four types of pollution as mentioned below:

(i) Water Pollution: Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

(ii) Air Pollution: The smoke emitted by the industries pollute air and water badly. The smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants. The burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories is a great cause of air pollution.

(iii) Noise Pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills makes a lot of noise.

(iv) Thermal Pollution: Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

The below mentioned steps should be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry:

(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. 

(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. 

(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

(iv)Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.

(v)Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

Petrol

Worker

Market

Retailer

Product

Manufacturing

Pollution.

1. Agrobased, 2. Sugarcane, 3. Jute, 4. Iron and steel, 5. Bhilai, 6. Varanasi

B.

Secondary Sector

A.

Manufacturing industries provide employment not only for agriculture, but for secondary and tertiary sectors also

B.

Small scale industry, large scale industry

C.

Public sector, private sector, joint sector, co-operative sector

A.

Manufacturing industries

B.

Small scale industry

A.

Public sector enterprises

A.

17%

A.

Cotton

C.

Nearness of a river

B.

Maharashtra

C.

Jkarkand

A.

Mumbai

C.

Lucknow

C.

Mumbai

D.

all of these

C.

India exports yarn to Japan

D.

2005

A.

Kolkata

B.

Second

D.

West Bengal

C.

Hugli

B.

2nd

A.

Uttar Pradesh

B.

Bihar

D.

Co-operative sector

D.

Mysore

B.

all other industries–heavy, medium and light depend on it for their machinery

C.

Heavy Industry

A.

Because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky

D.

Chhotanagpur Plateau

D.

NALCO

A.

10

B.

Chennai

B.

Gujarat

C.

Potash

C.

Cement

A.

Bengaluru

B.

National Thermal Power Corporation

A.

Foreign Direct Investment

D.

all of these

C.

thermal pollution of water

D.

all of these

D.

all of these

D.

Least cost

Basis of bulk and weight of raw material:

(i)Heavy Industries-

(a) Brassware

(b) Ship building

(c) Automobiles

(d) Oil

(ii)Light Industries-

(a) Knitting needles

(b) Fuse wires

(c) Electric bulb

(d) Paint brushes

(e) Watches

 (f) Sewing machines.

The cement industry is strategically located in Gujarat because it has suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.

Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Sugar Industry:

(i)India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari.

(ii)The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.

(iii)In 2010-11 there were over 662 sugar mills in the country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

(iv)Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

(v)This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.

Fertilizer Industry:

(i)The fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).

(ii)Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.

(iii)India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 for producing ammonium sulphate as a byproduct and 68 other small units produce single superphosphate.

(iv)At present, there are 10 public sector undertakings and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of India.

(v)After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half the fertiliser production

Chemical industry in India:

(i)The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.

(ii)It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.

(iii)Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.

(iv)Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

(v)The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets. 

The following are the steel towns of India:

(i) Jamshedpur (Jharkhand),

(ii) Bokaro (Jharkhand),

(iii) Bhilai (Chhattisgarh),

(iv) Rourkela (Orissa),

(v) Durgapur (West Bengal).

(vi)Salem(Tamil Nadu)

Iron and steel plants located in the following states:

(i) Jharkhand — Jamshedpur, Bokaro

(ii) West Bengal — Durgapur, Burnpur

(iii) Karnataka — Vijaynagar, Bhadravati

(iv) Chhattisgarh — Bhilai

Software technology parks located in the states mentioned are:

(i) Jammu and Kashmir — Srinagar

(ii) Assam — Guwahati

(iii) Uttar Pradesh — Noida

(iv) Kerala — Thiruvananthapuram

(v) Madhya Pradesh — Indore

(vi) Rajasthan — Jaipur.

Three steps to minimise environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are mentioned below:

i. By using the natural resources judiciously and minimum usage of electricity.

ii. By treating wastewater through primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

iii. By planting green belts in and around industries for promoting ecological balance and holding afforestation drives.

Three steps to minimise environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India:

i. By ensuring the optimum use of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

ii. By treating wastewater through primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.

iii. By planting green belts in and around industries for promoting ecological balance and holding afforestation drives.

The reasons:

(i) low cost of iron ore.

(ii) High-grade raw materials in proximity.

(iii) Cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.

Chotanagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this Industry. These include:

(i) low-cost of iron ore

(ii) High-grade raw materials in proximity

(iii) cheap labour

(iv) vast growth potential in the home market

The contribution of manufacturing industries contribute to national economy are-

(i) Manufacturing industries contribute 17 percent of GDP.

(ii) Since 2003 they are growing at the rate of 9-10 percent per annum and has improved employment.

(iii) They have reduced the dependence on agriculture.

The factors that control industrial location are-

(i) Availability of raw materials

(ii) Labour

(iii) Power and Market

B.

Kolkata

C.

Bangalore

C.

Ownership of enterprises

Iron and steel industry is called as a heavy industry because-

(i) The raw materials and finished goods are heavy and bulky.

(ii) The transportation costs are heavy

(iii) Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.

Agriculture and industries are interrelated to each other and move hand in hand which are explained in the following points : 
(i.) Agriculture serves as a major source of raw materials to many industries. 
(ii.) Industries obtain raw materials from agriculture and produce finished products. For example, Jute, sugar, cotton textiles etc. 
(iii.) Manufacturing industries which are involved in the production of tools, equipment's have helped in modernizing agriculture. 
(iv.) Industries are also involved in producing fertilizers, pesticides, plastics and other tools for the farmers. 

Following are the challenges faced by jute industries in India : 
(i.) Prices of jute textiles are so low that industrialists hesitate to set up these industries. 
(ii.) International demand of jute goods is falling sharply which is not an encouragement for these industries. 

The government has taken the following steps to boost Jute production : 
(i.) Government has made it compulsory in the country to use jute packaging. 
(ii.) In 2005, our government formulated the National Jute policy with the following aims: 
To expand production 
To enhance quality 
To provide good prices to the farmers 
To enhance yield per hectare.

Aluminium is of great importance because of the following reasons:- 

• It is a good conductor of electricity, which makes it ideal for use in electrical wiring, light bulbs and telephone wires. 

Industrial pollution can be controlled by the following ways:-

• Industrial plants should be set up in distant areas away from human settlements. 
• Industries should encourage sustainability and recycling of their products. 
• Industries need to take up preventive measures to check pollution such as, treatment of industrial effluents, limited use of ground water, reduction of smoke by adopting certain measures like use of gas or oil in place of coal etc. 

There is an urgent need to develop sustainable path of energy development because of the following reasons:-

• Energy ensures and sustains economic development. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries. 
• Be it agricultural sector, industrial, transport, commercial or even domestic sector they require energy sources to remain operational and to ensure production. With the increase in population, rising demands, greater industrialization, increased consumption, changes in transportation our energy requirements have and will increase. 
• We have to judiciously use our limited sources of energy and conserve them because of their growing consumption and their potential scarcity. 

Industrial pollution can be controlled by the following ways:- 

• Industrial plants should be set up in distant areas away from human settlements. 
• Industries should encourage sustainability and recycling of their products. 
• Industries need to take up preventive measures to check pollution such as, treatment of industrial effluents, limited use of ground water, reduction of smoke by adopting certain measures like use of gas or oil in place of coal etc. 

In 2005, the Government formulated the National Jute Policy with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare. The jute industry faced tough competition from synthetic substitutes and competitors such as Bangladesh and Brazil. The growing global concern for environment-friendly, biodegradable materials also led to the Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging.

The following are three important reasons why India has not been able to perform to her full potential in iron and steel production:

i. High cost of production and limited availability of coking coal

ii. Lower productivity of labour

iii. Irregular supply of energy