Economics Chapter 2 People As Resource

‘People as Resource’ is a way of referring to a country's working people in term of their existing productive skills and abilities. People as a resource contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product. People as resource is the positive side of a large population that is often overlooked.

Following are the differences between human resources and land and physical capital resources:

Following are the role of education in human capital formation:

(i) Education bears fruits in term of good job and salary. 

(ii)Education increases the efficiency of the workers.
(iii) Education helps in increasing the mental horizon of the people.

(iv) Education enhances the national income, cultural richness and increase the efficiency of governance.

(v) Education encourages economic development through greater participation of the people in the affairs of the country.

Following are the role of health in human capital formation:

Health play an important role in the individual's working life in the following ways:

(i)Good health increases the efficiency of a worker.

(ii)The health of an individual helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness.
(iii)An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation indeed; health is an indispensable basis for realising one’s well being.

The difference are:

The main reasons for women being employed in low paid work are:

Unemployment:
(i)Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the going wages cannot find job.
(ii)Unemployment in a country refers to that situation where in large number of working population is willing to work at the existing rate of wages but due to several reasons they fail to get any work.
(iii)The working population includes people from 15 to 59 years. Boys and girls below the age of 15 years and men and women above the age of 59 do not fall in the category of working population.

India can build the maximum employment opportunity in the field of primary sector by providing modern methods of production as most of the population is engaged in agriculture sector. 

The suggestions are mentioned below:
(i) Emphasis should be laid on skill development.

(ii)Technical education should be provided.

(iii)Vocational education should be introduced.

(iv)The problem of the educated unemployed can be mitigated by providing them professional education.

(v) The problem of the educated unemployed can be mitigated by providing help to the educated unemployed for starting modern techniques of farming.

(i)There was a village inhabited by several families. Each family produced enough to feed its members. Each family met its needs by the members making their own clothes and teaching their own children.
(ii)One of the families decided to send one of its sons to an agriculture college. The boy got his admission in the nearby college of agriculture.
(iii)After some time he became qualified in agro-engineering and came back to the village. He proved to be so creative that he could design an improved type of plough, which increased the yield of wheat. Thus a new job of agro-engineer was created and filled in the village. Inspired by this success all the families after some time held a meeting in the village.
(iv)They all wanted to have a better future for their children too. They requested to Panchayat to open a school in the village. The Panchayat with the help of govt. opened a school. A teacher was recruited from a nearby town.
(v)After some time one of the families gave training to his daughter in tailoring. She started stitching clothes for all the families at the village. Overtime, this village, which formally had no job opportunities in the beginning, had many opportunities like teacher, tailor, agro-engineer and many more.

Among land, labour, physical capital and human capital, the human capital is the best because human capital can make use of land, labour and physical capital.
Land and capital cannot become useful on its own.

C.

Both asset and liability

D.

All of these

B.

I.T. Revolution

B.

Non-economic activity

A.

Primary

A.

Secondary

C.

Tertiary

D.

64 years

A.

26.1

B.

8.7

A.

65%

C.

Both seasonal and disguised

D.

Educated

A.

Migration

D.

All of these

A.

Agriculture

B.

Manufacturing

C.

Banking

B.

two

A.

2001

C.

Unhealthy

B.

2010

D.

75

C.

18

D.

Kerala

D.

5,03,900

A.

43,322

B.

7,37,000

A.

Agriculture

B.

Gross National Product

D.

Japan

A.

A teacher teaching in a school

C.

A situation under which people are willing to work at the prevailing wages but cannot find a job

D.

It is a sum total of goods and services produced in a country

C.

Community Help Centre

D.

Primary Health Centre

A.

Agriculture

D.

It is a scheme under which elementary education is to be provided to all children in the age group of 6-14 years.

C.

15, 59

A.

Disguised

C.

When people are not able to find jobs during some months of year

D.

Birth rate

C.

Education

C.

Manufacturing

Yes, the literacy rate of the population has increased. The literacy rate have increased from 18% in 1951 to 65% in 2001.

Women are less educated than men because women are not encouraged to attend school as compared to men.

No, because in comparision to the increase of students the number of colleges are not increasing. 

Yes, we should have more number of universities. 

In 1950-51 the number of teachers was 24,000 and it was 3,42,000 in 1998-99. 

It will remain more or less constant due to the non-availability of employement in Govt Sector.
Students will prefer professional education as there are more employement opportunities with the professional education.

The two types are:
(i) Disguised unemployment.
(ii) Seasonal unemployment.

They are:
(i)Educated unemployment.
(ii)Industrial unemployment.

We will invest in human capital through education, training, medical care etc.

Life expectancy

Healthy and educated people are considered an asset in economy.

Infant mortality rate is the death of a child under one year of age.

Birth rate is number of babies born for every 1,000 people during a particular period of time.

Death rate is the number of people per 1,000 who die during a particular period of time.

The sources are:
(i) Education
(ii) Health facilities.

The quality of population depends upon the health of a person, life expectancy, skill formation acquired and the literacy rate.
The quality of population decides the growth rate of the country. Literate and healthy people are considered an asset for the economy. On the other hand illiterate and unhealthy people turns out to be liability.

The factors are:
(ii)Health

(ii)Life expectancy

(iii)Education

‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 by 2010.
It is a time bound initiative of the central govt. in partnership with the states, the local goverment and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.

Banking, insurance, dairy, quarrying, mining, communication, education, fishing, poultry farming, Agriculture, manufacturing, forestry, tourism and trade.

The difference:

The causes are:

The implication of unemployment are:

(i)Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability.
(ii)There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth. People do not have enough money to support their family.

(iii)Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste.
(iv)Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases.
(v)The quality as life of an individual as well as of society is adversely affected.

The steps taken by the goverment to promote education are mentioned below:

The steps taken by the government to Improve the literacy level in India are mentioned below:

The peculiarities of literacy in India are:

The schemes launched by the Govt. of India to tackle unemployment are mentioned below:

(i)National Rural Employment Programme (1980-81).

(ii)Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1989) etc.

(iii)Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005).

A doctor, teacher, engineer and a tailor are an asset to the economy because all of them do human capital formation through their work.
(i)A doctor cures the patients and makes them able to do work.
(ii)A teacher enables the people to read, write and understand. By this process they become able to get work in the different fields.
(iii)An engineer formulates human capital by making roads, bridges and building.
(iv)A tailor converts cloth into different wears to the people.
Thus all of them contribute to the economic development of the country.

We noticed the following differences between the two friends Vilas and Sakal:

I asked my neighbour and came to know that they are doing the following professions:
(i) Mr. Rakesh is a farmer.

(ii) Mr. Sohan Lai works in a bank.

(iii) Mr Subhash works in a factory.

Thus the work of Rakesh, Sohan Lai and Subhash will be categorised in the Primary sector, Tertiary sector and Secondary sector respectively.

Economic activity.

Non-economic activity.

Economic activity.

Non-economic activity.

1. Yes, the literacy rates of the population has increased since 1951.

2. India has the highest literacy rate in the year 2001.

3. The literacy rate is high among the males of India because of their regular form of education.

4. Women are less educated than men because they are not encouraged to acquire education.

5. Literacy rate in India is calculated by the ratio of educated population and total population multiplied by 100.

6. My projection about India's literacy rate in 2010 is about 80 percent.

1. No, the increase in number of colleges is not adequate to admit the increasing number of students.

2. Yes, I think we should have more number of universities.

3. The increase noticed among the teachers in the year 1998-99 as compared to the year 1950-51 is 3,18,000.

4. Our idea about future colleges and universities is that they will definitely face many problems related with admissions, shortage of staff, infrastructure etc.

3.The increase in the number of doctors and nurses is not adequate for India because the population of India is growing rapidly.

4.I would like to provide other facilities like X-Ray machines, Ultra sound, MRI etc. in every hospitals with additional doctors.

5.I have visited the hospital in nearby my residence area. There I found long rows of patients and shortage of doctors, beds, nursing personnels, machines and other modern facilities.

6.Self Attempt