Physical Education Chapter 6 Women & Sports

Menopause is the time when a women stops having menses.It occurs when menstruation ceases for a period of one year.

Osteoporosis refers to the decreased bone material contents. It is a skeletal disorder. In fact, low oestrogen levels and poor nutrition specially low calcium intake can lead to osteoporosis which is one of the significant triad of female athlete. Osteoporosis is weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone density and improper bone formation.
Such factors are stated below;
1.Insufficient calcium in diet:The main cause of oesteoporosis is intake of insufficient amount of calcium in diet. In fact, 100mg calcium should be taken in daily diet by a woman athlete. In addition to calcium, vitamin 'D' should also taken because it is essential for absorbing calcium in our boby.
2.Eating disorders:eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia etc. In fact, not getting sufficient amount of calcium can also have a lasting effect on how strong a woman's bones are in later part of life. So eating disorders may also lead to oesteoporosis among women athletes.
3. Bad eating habits: various research studies indicate that intake of caffeine,alcohol,tabacco or smoking etc. may also lead to oesteoporosis. Indeed these products have a negative effect on the bone density.

Menarch is the first period or first menstrual bleeding that a young has.It usually occur approximately at the age of 12,however it can happen as early as in 8 or 9 years of age or as late as in 16years.

Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which anaemia, Oesteoporosis and amenorrhoea are present. It is simply known as ‘triad’. The triad is a serious disorder or illness with lifelong health consequences and can be very fatal. The symptoms of triad may include fatigue, frequent injuries, loss of endurance and power irritability, increased healing time form injuries, cessation of menstruation and low self-esteem etc.

1. Anaemia

Anaemia is usually defined as a decrease in the amount of red cells in the blood. It is identified as the most common medical condition among athletes. They may get feeling of fatigue, shortness of breath, loss of endurance, and weakness. A number of research studies show that athlete especially female athletes are often iron deficient or anaemic. Iron is essential for better performance, because its major function is to carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from all the cells of the body. Athletic anaemia may be caused by inadequate iron intake, less iron absorption, loss of iron through sweat (especially during long distance races), destruction of red blood cells, gastrointestinal blood loss and menstruation etc.

In fact, regular menstrual losses increase the iron needs of female athletes. By limiting or eliminating meat, eliminates some of the best available source of iron. In fact, iron from fruits, vegetables and cereals sources is not absorbed well as that from animal sources. Female athletes specially the long distance runners may loose iron through intestinal bleeding, sweat, urine and faeces.

2. Oesteoporosis

Oesteoporosis refers to the decreased bone material contents. It is a skeletal disorder. A reduction in bone mass may cause fracture. In fact, low oestrogen levels and poor nutrition specially low calcium intake can lead to Oesteoporosis which is one of the significant triad of female athlete.

There are various factors which usually lead to Oesteoporosis among women athletes:

1. Insufficient calcium in diet: The main cause of Oesteoporosis is intake of insufficient amount of calcium in diet. In fact, 100mg calcium should be taken in daily by a woman athlete.
2. Amenorrhoea: Women suffering from menstrual dysfunction or amenorrhoea for more than six months are likely to face Oesteoporosis because the secretion of the hormone called ‘oestrogen’ is decreased in those women. This hormone is necessary for absorption of calcium in our body.
3. Eating disorders: Eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia etc. may also cause Oesteoporosis because there can be less amount of calcium intake. In fact, not getting sufficient amount of calcium can also have a lasting effect on how strong a woman’s bones are in later part of life.
4. Bad eating habits: Various research studies indicate that intake of caffeine, alcohol, tobacco or smoking etc. may also lead to Oesteoporosis. Indeed these products have negative effect on the bone density.

3. Amenorrhoea

Amenorrhoea is a menstrual disorder in females in which females of 18 years and above either never began menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for three months or more than that in females with a history of normal menstrual cycle. Amenorrhoea can also be defined as the cessation of woman’s menstrual cycle more than three months or more.

Types of Amenorrhoea

There are two types of amenorrhoea:

1. Primary Amenorrhoea: Primary amenorrhoea is characterized by delayed menarche which is the onset of first period during puberty.
2. Secondary Amenorrhoea: A women having her natural menstrual cycle at specific time and then stops menstruating for three months or more is said to have secondary amenorrhoea.

There are various factors which may enhance the chances of amenorrhoea. These factors are Hormonal changes, intensive exercises and intake of less calories.

a) Modification in Legislation. b) Better coverage of women sports c) Improvement in fitness and wellness movements d) Educating Women e) Increasing women coaches. f) Ensuring personal safety of women. g) Giving more opportunities for women competition

a) Modification in Legislation. b) Better coverage of women sports c) Improvement in fitness and wellness movements d) Educating Women e) Increasing women coaches. f) Ensuring personal safety of women. g) Giving more opportunities for women competition.

Cricket is a game played between two teams made up of eleven players each. There is also a reserve player called a “twelfth man” who is used should a player be injured during play.

The twelfth man is not allowed to bowl, bat, wicket keep or captain the team. His sole duty is to act as a substitute fielder.

The original player is free to return to the game as soon as they have recovered from their injury.

To apply the law and make sure the cricket rules are upheld throughout the game there are two umpires in place during games. Umpires are responsible for making decisions and notifying the scorers of these decisions.

Two umpires are in place on the playing field while there is also a third umpire off the field who is in charge of video decisions.
Game structure-Test cricket is a game that spans over two innings. This means that one team needs to bowl the other team out twice and score more runs then them to win the match. Another key difference between test cricket and other forms of cricket is the length of the innings. In test cricket there is no limit to the innings length. Whereas in one day cricket & Twenty20 cricket there are a certain amount of overs per innings. The only limits in test cricket is a 5 day length. Before the game begins an official will toss a coin. The captain who guesses the correct side of the coin will then choose if they want to bat or field first. One team will then bat while the other will bowl & field. The aim of the batting team is to score runs while the aim of the fielding team is to bowl ten people out and close the batting teams’ innings. Although there are eleven people in each team only ten people need to be bowled out as you cannot have one person batting alone. Batting is done in pairs.

Once the first team has been bowled out the second team would then go into bat. Once the second team is then bowled out it would normally return to the first team batting again. However there is an exception to this in the cricket rules, it is called the follow-on. The follow-on is when the first team makes at least 200 runs more than the second team made (in a 5 day test match). This then gives the first team the option to make the second team bat again. This is particularly useful if the game is progressing slowly or affected by bad weather and there might not be enough time for both teams to play a full innings. Should this be the case the batting team’s captain also has the right to forfeit their innings at any time. This is called a declaration. Some may wonder why a captain would forfeit the opportunity for his team to bat. However if the game is coming close to a close and it looks like they will not be able to bowl the other team out again this could be an option. If one team is not bowled out twice and a winner determined in the five days of play the game is declared a draw. Therefore it may be worth declaring an innings to creat the possibility of a win rather than a draw.

Three latest Rules of Basketball: •..
1. Now, the restricted area has been changed to a rectangle. This area must be pointed.
2. The three-point line has been extended from 6.25 m to 6.75 m.
3. Now, the 'No-change semicircle' has been started. The radius of a semicircle will be 1.25 m from the point on the floor beneath the exact centre of the basket to the inner edge of the semicircle. 

Important sports personalities of Basketball:
1. Ajmer Singh. Ajmer Singh played for India in the intemational competitions more than hundred times. He received the Aijuna Award in 1982.
2. Suman Sharma. Suman Sharma was a very famous player of India. She was awarded the Arjuna Award in 1983.
3. Om Prakash. He was an outstanding player of basketball. He participated in international competitions many times. He was awarded A~una Award in 1979-80.

i) Self confidence must be developed in women.
ii) Female role model to be highlighted
iii) More time and facilities to be given to women participation
iv) Women should be aware regarding the benefits of sports.(Job opportunities, Personality development etc.
v) Better safety measures to be implemented.
vi) Legislation regarding women in sports should be more flexible.
vii) Attitude of spectators and media should be motivating
viii) Women coaches should be appointed in more number
ix) Equal importance to be given to female in sports

Osteoporosis is weakening of bone due to the loss of bone density  Causes:
i) Insufficient calcium in diet
ii) Amenorrhea
iii) Poor nutrition
iv) Sedentary life style
v) Thyroid condition
vi) Lack of vitamin D

Osteoporosis: Low Estrogen Levels & Poor Nutrition, Especially low calcium intake makes bone porous.
 

Menarch is the first menstrual bleeding of the young girl (9-16 yrs.)

Sports participation of women means “Participation of Women in the field of sports and games.

Menstrual dysfunction is a disorder or an irregular menstrual cycle in women. It can also be defined as “An abnormal bleeding during the menstrual cycle”.

Amenorrhoea is a menstrual disorder or illness in females in which female of 18 years and above either never began menstruating or their absence of menstruation for three months or more than that in females with the history of normal- menstrual cycle.

There is a less participation of women in India because:
1. Lack of interest of spectators and no coverage of women sports.
2. Lack of education among women.
3. The attitude of society towards women sports participation.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder in which reduction in bone mass may cause a fracture.

Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which osteoporosis, amenorrhoea and eating disorders effect adversely on the body.

The monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries and the lining of the uterus (endometrium), starting with the preparation of an egg for fertilization. When the follicle of the prepared egg in the ovary breaks, it is released for fertilization and ovulation occurs.

When people began to eat more than normal or very small amounts it is known as eating disorders.

Bulimia is affecting adolescent girls or young women it is characterized by a period of excessive eating (binge) alternating with normal eating.

There are various factors, which lead to osteoporosis, these are :

Insufficient calcium in diet:- The main cause of osteoporosis is an intake of insufficient calcium in the diet.

Amenorrhea: Women suffering from Menstrual dysfunction or Amenorrhoea for more than 6 months are likely to face osteoporosis because the secretion of the hormone called Oestrogen is decreased in those women. This hormone is necessary for absorption of calcium in our body.

Eating disorder: Eating disorder like anorexia and bulimia etc. may also cause osteoporosis because there can be less amount of calcium intake.

Bad Eating Habits:- Intake of Caffeine, Alchohol, tobacco or smoking may lead to osteoporosis. These products have a negative effect on Bone Density.

The various psychological traits of women athletes are :

1. Gender Role Orientation-Many Sports like wrestling, weight lifting, body building etc has been considered inappropriate for women because of the potentially Harmful masculinizing effects of sports.
2. Competitiveness - Males are found to be competitive in comparison to female. In fact, the Female is more goal oriented and perform magnificently in artistic activities such as Gymnastic.
3. Confidence:- Female sportsperson is less confidence in the comparison to the male sportsperson. While sportswomen are significantly confident than non-sportsperson.
4. Self-esteem:- Female athletes have low self-esteem in comparison to male athletes. Intensive training helps in enhancing self-esteem.
5. Self-image or body image:- Sports participation is helpful in the enhancement of positive body image. It provides a good shape and a well-balanced body and finally it improves self-image.

There are various factors, which are responsible for low sports participation of women in society. These factors are:-

1. Family - Family is a very significant social factor, which is generally responsible for early sports socialization. The socializing process at home for both sexes is different. Males usually get more support and encouragement to get involved in sports activities. They are further provided with more facilities to encourage and support participation in sports and games. However female usually are not encouraged to get involved in sports activities.
2. School - The culture of sports is generated in schools and the reputation of the school is dependent on the success of male and females as sports personalities. Lots of schools do not have girl teams as male teams (soccer/ wrestling/boxing etc/) They do not have proper arrangements for coaches and sports facilities for females.
3. Culture - Cultural beliefs have a great impact on the involvement of females in sports. Many cultures still firmly believe that women’s place is in the kitchen. The participation in the sports masculinises females is viewed negatively.
4. Attitude and prejudices - Attitude and prejudices of society play the significant role in sports participation, some females avoid certain sports for fear of being perceived as masculine. Due to such attitude and prejudices of society regarding sexuality inhibit females to participate.

The absence of menstrual periods:- This problem may be due to an eating disorder, excessive exercise schedule, the extreme level of stress and medications etc.

Premenstrual syndrome:- Many girls may have symptoms such as acne, backaches, Sore breasts, headaches, constipation, depression, irritability and feeling anxious etc. These symptoms may be faced by the female before their menstruction.

Abnormal Cramps:- These cramps are caused by a chemical in the body that makes the muscles in the uterus contract.

Heavy or prolonged period:- It is common for a girl’s menstrual period to be heavier on some days than others.

Irregular menstrual period:- The regular menstrual cycle for a female is 28 days. However, it may vary from 21 to 35 days.

i) I am not agree with the views of most of the villages because according to them judo is a body contact game which is not for a girl and they thought that girls are weak.

ii) Poonam’s parents have shown support, encouragement, motivation regarding her sports participation.

iii) Poonam has shown physical and mental strength, confidence, try to change the attitudes of society towards the participation of women in sports.

The steps to improve women particiation in the field of sports and games:-

1. Motivation and inspiration to women for participation.
2. Support from family and parents.
3. To organise camp, seminar and workshops.
4. To provide knowledge and media coverage.
5. Educating women at grass route level and participation.
6. Provide better infrastructure and facilities.
7. Ensuring safety and security of women.
8. More opportunity for competition
9. Develop new techniques and environments.
10. To build physical and psychological strength.
11. Healthy and balanced food.
12. Better incentives and awards.
13. Culture in domestic constraints.
14. Change in attitude and perception in village level
15. Equality and community mobilizing.
16. Development of Self Confidence
17. Financial help
18. Employment and career
19. Designing and implementing government policies

Female triad means a syndrom in which osteoporosis, amenorrhoea and eating disorders are present in the female.

The triad is a serious disorder or illness with lifelong health consequences and can be very fatal. In fact, it is a syndrome of three interrelated conditions.

Osteoporosis:- It is a skeletal disorder which refers as to the decreased bone material contents.
a. Insufficient calcium in the diet.
b. Amenorrhoea
c. Eating disorder
d. Bad eating habits

Amenorrhoea:- It is a menstrual disorder or illness in the female of 18 years or above either never began menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for three months and more. The factors or causes which may inspire or enhance the chances of amenorrhoea,

A. Hormone changes
B. Intensive excises
C. Intake of fewer carbohydrates or calories.

Eating disorders: When people began to eat more than normal or very small amounts it is known as earing disorders.

These types:
1. Anoreixa Nervosa
2. Bulimia

Anorexia Nervosa: This is a psycho-physical condition. It is characterised by lack of appetite and a associated with the subconscious desire to remain slim. Such a felling usually develops in young women or adolescent female in order to retain their body figure and image. As a result of this, there is a refusal to maintain normal body weight from their fear of becoming obese and spoiling their figure.

Anorexia is an eating disorder which is affecting the youth nowadays., It is a dangerous disorder for our health and well being.

Anorexia can lead to many problems such as bone loss, loss to skin integrity and many even cause menstruation to stop. It puts great stress on the heart and interreges the risk of heart attacks and other heart related problems. Individual suffering from anorexia also face an increased risk of death.

1. Causes of Anorexia: Anorexia is an eating disorder that is caused by a combination of several psychological social and biological factors. Several other factors such as family environment, personality traits and low self-esteem may also lead to anorexia. The factors causing anorexia are as follows:
2. Psychological factors: Individuals suffering from anorexia are generally perfectionists. Due to their obsession with keeping themselves fit, they are always conscious about their body. For this, they do not even hesitate to use artifactual means. Eating too little, excessive exercise, always being conscious about their body weight and physical appearance become the main causes of anorexia.
3. Social factors: Cultural and social constructs about being thin and beautiful put severe pressure on individuals and may cause anorexia. Specific social and cultural ideas relating to health and beauty, promote weight loss and begin as thin as the ideal indicators of success and self- worth. Sometimes, parents and relatives may also be critical or their children’s physical appearance which may lead to anorexia.
4. Biological factors: Biological factors such as circular hormonal functions and nutritional deficiencies may cause anorexia. Genetics also play a significant role in anorexia as parents suffering from anorexia are more prone to having children who are likely to develop anorexia.

Symptoms of Anorexia

1. Significant underweight: The individual having anorexia will not be able to maintain BMI and will lose weight significantly.
2. Anaemia: Anorexia may be one of the leading causes of anaemia. This leads to tiredness in a individual.
3. Low pulse rate: The individual having anorexia will have the low heart rate.
4. Low blood pressure: Anorexia may lead to low blood pressure.
5. The decrease in body temperature: Low body temperature is also one of the symptoms of anorexia. Due to the low heart rate and low blood pressure, the temperature of the body is not maintained properly.
6. Failure of menstruations or cessation of the same once established: Irregular menses or Amenorrhoea may be one symptom of anorexia. Irregularity in mensuration is one of the main causes of anorexia.
7. Denial of illness: An individual suffering from anorexia has the tendency to deny the facts related to the disorder.
8. Self-induced vomiting: An individual suffering from anorexia will go the washroom frequently and induce vomit, especially after and meal.
9. Excess eating at times. An individual suffering form anorexia will eat excessively and when he is unable to digest the food, the will induce vomit.
10. Laxative or derelicta abuse. An individual suffering from anorexia will use diuretics and drain out fluids from his body to remain slim. Individuals also use laxatives or artificial sweeteners.

Prevention and Management of Anorexia

1. The prevention and management of anorexia and very important in the treatment of this distorted. The basic preventive measures used in anorexia are also followed:
2. People should be encourage to inculcate a positive self- esteem and body image.
3. Body sizes should not be criticized and students should not be taught to be preoccupied with their weight.
4. Students should have knowledge of genetic factors that determine body weight. They should be made to understand that being thin is not the most important means to be popular, beautiful or successful.
5. They should have a healthy approach towards their eating and exercising habits and should avoid the company of those people who are obsessed about their body weight.

Bulimia is affecting adolescent girls or young women it is characterised by a period of excessive eating (binge) alternating with normal eating.

Types of Bulimia
1. Purging,
2. Non-puring.

1. Causes of Bulimia: Bulimia is not the result of a single or definitive cause. There are many factors that are related to bulimia.
2. Genetic factors: Genetic factors play a vital role in the development of bulimia if one or both parents of an in dividing or siblings has bulimia then he/she is most likely to suffer from this disorder.
3. Psychological Factors: Psychological factors also play an important role in the development of bulimia in individuals. If an individual has a problem of low self esteem and body image, to maintain weight categories in sports: Sports-persons taking part in sports like Judo, wrestling weight lifting which has different weight categories are more likely to suffer from this eating disorder.
4. Pressure of performance in sports: Sportsmen reduced body weight will enhance their performance in sports and increase their chances of success, thereby making them vomit the food that they eat.
5. Social factors: Social factors such as peer pressure and preconceived notious about body weight and being thin, play a significant role in causing bulimia the media also engorges the desire to thin among the youth.

Revelation and manage meant of Bulimia: There is no fixed cure for Bulimia. This disorder may be prevented up to some extent by following.

1. Individuals should take a balanced diet and follow healthy eating habits.
2. A proper regimen of exercise should be followed regularly to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
3. Bulimia can also prevented by having a positive self and body image. Individuals should not be critical of their body shapes and sizes and focus or maintaining proper lifestyle.

When no of red blood cells or concentration of haemoglobin in blood is low it is termed as Anemia. Haemoglobin is a protein inside the (Red blood cells) that contains Iron and transports oxygen to body parts.

Causes of Anaemia:

1. Acute bleeding
2. Stomach ulcers.
3. Stomach ulcers.
4. Stomach inflammations (Gastritis)
5. Cancer
6. Childbirth
7. Menstruation
8. Surgery etc.
9. Inappropriate food-intake.

Sports Priorities:

1. A higher level of confidence &self esteem.
2. The lower level of depression & cut pressure.
3. Positive body image keeps you train & firm.
4. Psychologically stronger than non-participants
5. Hidden health benefits: the strong body can fight illness.
6. Proper rest and nutrition; improves life.
7. Learn to take criticism. ,
8. .Learns to deal with success and failure.
9. Discuss carrier and job opportunities.
10. Reduces risk of breast cancer.

Lack of parental support and encouragement from family.

1. Social barriers and stigma in life.
2. Traditional values can wash out.
3. Religion or custom does not permit (Purda system).
4. Personal constraints and pressure from family.
5. Less recognition to females.

Menarche is the menstrual cycle. It can also be referred to the first menstrual bleeding in females. It is often considered a attainment of the physical level and signals for the possibility of fertility. Girls can experience menarche at different ages.

Causes of early menarche

1. Increased incidence of childhood obesity.
2. Low birth weight.
3. Exposure to smoking (Mother or baby)
4. Children were not breastfed.
5. Higher conflicts in family relatives/Stress
6. Lack of exercises.
7. Inadequate diet