Physical Education Chapter 4 Physical Education & Sports For Differently-Abled

An individual plays a very effective role in: 1. Maintaining sports facilities 2. Using essential protective equipment 3. Develop fitness of the sportsperson 4. Taking care of climatic conditions and deciding physical activities accordingly 5. Learning of proper skills 6. Proper officiating and coaching 7. Stress on drugs free environment 8. Emphasis on the attitude and behavior of coaches and other officials.

Movement speed is the time taken between the initiation of movement and the completion of the movement. It depends upon techniques, explosive strength, flexibility and coordinative abilities. It plays a vital role in boxing, gymnastics, swimming; throws and jumps etc. Where the minimum time is taken to complete the movement. To develop the speed endurance we will have to work more on pace races because pace races means running the whole distance at a constant speed.Generally, 800 meters and above races are included in pace races. As a matter of fact, an athlete’s can run a distance of 300 meters at full speed but, in longer races such as 800 meters or above races he must conserve his energy by reducing his speed. For example, if there is a runner of 800 meter race his best time is 1 minute 40 second, so, he should run first 400 m in 49 seconds and next 400m in 51 seconds. 

Aims of preparing diet for sports person: a. Maintaining body weight and body composition desired for that specific sport b. Maintaining adequate pool of nutrient levels in the body c. Adopting healthy nutritional practices during training and competition. d. Carrying on with healthy nutritional practices during off season as well i.e when competition are not taking place.

The media, whether it is print media or electronic media, plays a significant and effective role for creating positive sport environment. Media is providing its valuable contribution for the encouragement and promotion of sports and games. Electronic media is the source by which millions of people watch the various World cups and Olympic games. There are many sports channels are available such as Ten sports, NEO sports, Star sports that provide the facility of watching live and recorded programs of games and sports. Thus media is promoting the games and sports.
The media encourages people to develop reasonable interests in engaging in sports. Either for fun, excitement, recreation, physical fitness or health care. In the homes, countless number of youths involves themselves in sporting activities. This has contributed to the remarkable improvement of fitness among the youths. Another role that the media play in sports is the advocacy of unity among diverse races, religions, ethinic groups, language, colour, peoples, idiosyncrasies and world¬views. Media not only publicise the games and sports but it also gives publicity to sportspersons which is a motivating source for them.

Corrective Exercises Related to Kyphosis
1. Lie on back, ie, in supine position with knees drawn up and feet flat on the ground. Both hands should be at sides. Then move your arms sideways in horizontal position. Palms should be upward. Raise your arms upward over the head, palms still up. Hold this position for some time After that bring your arms back in horizontal position. Repeat the exercise at least 10 times.
2 Lie down in prone position. i.e, on chest with hands on your hips. After that, raise your head and trunk several inches from the ground. Your chin should be in during this exercise Hold this position for some time and then come back in previous position. Repeat this exercise at least 10 times.
3 Sit In a normal position, with a stick held in horizontal position overhead, hands well-spread. After that, lower the stick and then raise it behind head and shoulders. While performing this exercise, keep your head and trunk straight. Repeat this exercise 10 to 12 times.
Corrective Exercises Related to Lordosis
1. Lie down in prone position, with hands under abdomen. Then keep hips and shoulders down, press hands up on abdomen and raise lower back.
2. Bend knees forward while allowing hips to bend back behind, keeping back straight and knees pointed in same direction as feet. Descend until thighs are just parallel to floor. Extend knees and hips until legs are straight. Come back in starting position and then repeat the same.
3 Lunge forward with knee on a mat. Take position of the foot beyond knee. Place both hands on knee. Straighten hips of rear leg by pushing hips forward and hold stretch. Repeat with opposite side.
4. Sit on a chair with feet wide apart, Bend and position your shoulders between knees. Then reach to the floor under back of chair. Hold this position for some duration.
5. Lie in prone position on the floor. Keep the palms of your hands on the floor according to shoulders' width. Push torso up keeping pelvis on floor. Hold this position for some time. Sit down with knees extended, feet together and hands at sides. After that, bend forward, touching the fingers to toes. Hold this position for some time. Then come back and repeat. 

Importance of Fluid Intake:
1) To maintain water Balance.
2) Help to transport nutrients throughout the body.
3) Help to remove waste from the body.
4) Sustaining performance, preventing dehydration and avoiding injury.
5) Maintain blood sugar level and to delay fatigue.

a) Orientation ability
b) Coupling Ability
c) Reaction Ability
d) Balance Ability
e) Rhythem Ability
f) Adaptation Ability
g) Differentiation Ability

Disability is the condition in which an individual is not able to perform normal human life activities due to any disadvantage.

Types of disabilities:

1. Physical disability
2. Intellectual disability
3. Cognitive Disability

In physical disability, an individual is not able to perform his daily life activities due to any physical disadvantage.

In cognitive disability, an individual is not able to perform his daily life mental activities due to any mental disadvantage.

In intellectual disability, an individual is not able to perform the normal human life mental activities and adaptive behaviour skills due to any mental disadvantage.

Any disruption due to which an individual is not able to perform his daily life human activities effectively is known as a disorder.

1. ADHD (Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2. SPD (Senory processing disorder)
3. ASD (Autism spectrum disorder)
4. OCD (Obsessive compulsive disorder)
5. ODD (Oppositional defiant disorder)

In this disorder effected person become hyperactive & is unable to control his impulses.

In this disorder affected person has a problem with his nervous system to receive the information that comes through the sensory organs.

In this disorder affected person check the things again & again and perform certain routines activities repeatedly such as cleaning & washing of hands.

In this disorder effected person always try to disrupt those are around him. It is a disruptive behavioural disorder.

Disability etiquettes are the guidelines which should be followed when dealing with the person with any disability.

This organization was established in 2001, its aims is to increase the participation of differently abled person's in games and sports. Its another objectives was to develop leadership quality and healthy.

This organization organizes sports competition at state level. It also serve talented players and train them for international games. After 2002, about 23,750 participants have participated in national games. Between 1987 and 2013, a total of 671 Indian athletes participated in Olympic. They won 246 Gold medals, 265 Silver medals, 27 bronze medals and they raised the glory of the country in the world.

Today around 1 million athletes are the members of this organization and 84905 coaches train these athletes. This organization does the all round development of the players through games and sports.

Physical disability: Due to any physical disadvantage an individual is not able to perform his daily life activities examples

1. Blindness: Total absence of sight
2. Partially blind: Very low vision
3. Cerebral palsy: Abnormal motor control
4. Hearing impairment: Loss of hearing

Cognitive disability: Due to any mental disadvantage an individual is not able to perform daily life activities examples.

Difficulty in a mental task such are learning counting, understanding of various words etc. due to a physiological cause.

Intellectual Disability: Due to mental disadvantage individuals is not able to perform various mental task & adaptative behaviour skill example.

Mental task: Learning problems, reasoning problems

Adaptative behaviour: Collection of social skills & conceptual skill.

Symptoms of ADHD: (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

1. Trouble in paying alteration toward a particular topic
2. Trouble in sitting still for even a short time. They run around they do not enjoy quiet activities such as reading, learning etc.
3. Wait for his turn & sharing is harder for them. This makes difficult to play with other children.
4. An Effected person make a quick decision before thinking.
5. An Effected person never keep their emotion.
6. Effected persons are a day dreamer.
7. Effected person always leads to careless mistakes.

Symptoms of SPD (Sensory Processing Disorder)

Behavioural symptoms: Oversensitive towards the sound, oversensitivity towards the odours, effected person do not engage in creative play, difficult to calm after getting upset.

Physical symptoms: Poor Balance, poor posture, fine motor control is always delayed, poor handwriting, motor development takes more time, excessive spin in the body parts, poor coordination impairment in sleep.

Psychological Symptoms: Social isolation depressed, Anxiety, Aggression, feel fear from the crowd, feel fear from surprise touch.

symptoms of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

1. Difficulty in communication.
2. Feel difficulty in reading loudely.
3. Difficulty in various social skills.
4. difficult in social interaction,
5. The tendency to engage in repetitive Behaviours,
6. Avoid the eye contact,
7. Touching the same object again & again.
8. Senstive towards sound, taste & smell.
9. Frequent repetition of set words and phrase, To communicate use single word instead of a complete sentence, react negatively when asked to do some thing, not being aware of other person’s space.
10. Prefer to play alone, strong like & dislike for certain foods on the basis of the texture or colour of the food.

Obsessive Thoughts: Always feel fear of contaminants by the germs & dirt, excessive focus on religion, feel fear of losing or not having things superstitious about various things some are felt lucky & some are felt unlucky, always feel fear of harming himself.

Compulsive behaviour: Dabble checking of their things, Repeatedly check their loved one that they are safe. Repeating of certain words, spending a lot of time in washing & cleaning praying to god excessively. Accumulating junk items in their house.

Symptoms of ODD:

Behavioual: Always argue with other, aggressive & Tends to start the fight, refuse to follow the rules imposed on him, always try to blame to other willingly break the friendship, Repeated disobediance can be seen.

Premature born: May leads towards the ADHD

Cognitive : Frequent frustration, feel difficulty in concentration on a particular topic, failure to think before to speak.

Psychological symptoms : Difficulty in making friends, loss of self esteem, feeling annoying.

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyper activity Disorder) causes are:

(1) Heredity: If parents or sibling of a child is with ADHD then the person has 4 to 5 time more prone towards ADHD.
(2) Brain function & structure: Certain area of the brain is smaller than the brain area of NON “ADHD”, Neurotransmitter imbalance can be seen in the case of ADHD.
(3) Premature Born: may lead towards the ADHD.
(4) Low Birth wt: May leads towards the ADHD.
(5) Brain damage: In the womb or Ist few years of life leads towards ADHD.
(6) Drinking Alcohol smoking & use of Drugs: has a bad effect on the working of nervous system and may lead towards the ADHD.
(7) Exposure of high level of toxic: Exposure to toxic in early age below 3 years has a bad effect on the working nervous system that may leads towards ADHD (e.g.lead)

Causes of SPD (Sensory Processing Disorder)

1. Genetic components: Some of the genetic components which we get from our parents such as hypersensitivity to light & sound may lead towards SPD.
2. Abnormal Brain structure: Due to any cause if the structure of the brain is not proper it may lead towards ASD.
3. Injuries: at upper neck and Brainstem region may effect the working of the nervous system and leads towards SPD.
4. Not being exposed to an appropriate amount of stimulation during the crucial developmental stage.
5. Food allergies May leads towards SPD.
6. Being exposed to Drugs: While in utero may lead to SPD.

Causes of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder):

Genetic Risk factors: In case of twins if one is suffered from ASD than 30% to 40% more chances that other will be also suffered from ASD and In case of cabling 10% to 20% more chances to be suffered from ASD. ASD tend to occur more often in people who have certain genetic or chromosomal condition such as Fringlex Syndrome. No single genes are responsible for ASD rather multiple genes are involved in ASD.

Environmental causes: When maternal exposure to certain viruses such as measles, mumps, Rubella, herpes, syphilis, cytomegalic and chemicals such as thalidomide, valproic acid during pregnancy. Children born to older parents have a greater risk to get suffer from ASD. Cerebral dysgenesis (Abnormal development of the brain) is also caused by ASD. Inborn error of metabolism is also is the cause of ASD.

Causes of OCD:

1. Biological factor: OCD arises from the problem in the pathways of the brain that link the area dealing with judgement and planning with another area that filter massage involved in body movement.
2. Genetic factors: Get passed from parents to their child such as a genetic disorder.
3. Infection: That is caused by the STREPTOCOCCUS have linked with OCD. If this infection is untreated it may lead to the development of OCD.
4. Environmental factors may head to get suffer from OCD such as a change in living situation, Illness, the death of love, one, school-related problem and relationship concern.

Causes of ODD (Opporitional Defiant Disorder)

Genetic factors: If parents have the problem of mood disorder, anxiety disorder, personality disorder then there will be a lot of chances that their child may get suffered from ODD.

Biological factors: Injuries related to Brain can cause to ODD and Abnormal functioning of brain chemical or neuro transmitter can also lead to ODD.

Environmental factors: Family history, dysfunctional of family life, depression may lead towards ODD.

1. Disability etiquettes are those guidelines which should be followed when dealing with the disabled person. These are following.
2. A term used: We should not use the term as handicapped, mentally challenged, physically challenged & disabled person for any disable a human being rather should be called as “person with a disability” or “DIVYANG”.
3. Companion: Never talk to person with disability through a companion.
4. Shake hand: When deals with person with disability always offer him to shake hand first.
5. Assistance: If assistance is offered to the person with a disability then wait until the offer is accepted.
6. Adult: Always treat Adult as an adult.
7. Address: Address the people who have a disability by their first name only as an address to other.
8. Identify Your self and other person who are with you when interact with any person with a disability or Divyang.
9. Patronize: Never patronize the person on the wheelchair by patting him on the shoulder or back.
10. Lean: Never lean on the wheelchair.

Advantages of physical activities

1. Physical improvement:
   1. Improvement in concentration.
   2. Improvement in flexibility
   3. Improvement in strength
   4. Improvement in endurance
   5. Improvement in cardiovascular efficiency
   6. Decrease the Risk of obesity
   7. Better overall fitness.
   8. Improvement in Motor ability
   9. Minimize joint swelling
2. Mental improvement
   1. Improvement in mood
   2. Improvement in wellness
   3. Improvement the working of nervous system.
   4. Brain release endophins that help to feel good and
   5. ease from depression anxiety.
3. Improved the sense of self esteem
   1. feeling of greater self efficiency
4. Sociological Gains
   1. New Experiences
   2. New friendship
   3. feel of independence
   4. countering of stigmatization
5. Good Health

6. Enhance Productivity and Improve the working efficiency.

1. Pre Activity medical check-up: To know about the disability, medical aid must be available for that disability at the time of exercise.
2. Previous experience: Previous experience of participation in the physical activities should be considered at the time of selection of sports activities.
3. Interest: Selected physical activities can be accessible if it is according to the interest of the person having a disability.
4. Capability: The selected physical activities must be according to the capability of the person with a disability.
5. Modified equipment: As per the capability of the person with disability equipment must be modified so they can be used easily.
6. Suitable Environment: At the time of play environment must be pleasant. All kinds of facilities must be available such as proper lightening, proper ground, proper marking etc.
7. Variety of Instruction: Instruction used during the exercise must be according to the nature of disability for example for the person with hearing impairment visual instructions should be used.
8. Modified Rules: Rules of the sports for the exercises must be modified according to the capability of the person with a disability.
9. Simple to complex: When preparing the activity schedule for a person with disability principle of simple to complex must be followed in starting we should take easy exercise then we should progressively increase
   the degree of blood.
10. Involvement of various body parts: Inactivity plan for a person with a disability the selection of activities should be in such a way that involvement of maximum body parts is done.
11. Extra care: Extra care should be taken to avoid any accident during the exercise.