Physical Education Chapter 6 Physical Activity And Leadership Training

Adventure sports are such type of sports which involve extraordinary speed, height, physical exertion and surprising stunts.

1. Camping
2. Rock Climbing
3. Trekking
4. Surfing
5. Para-gliding

Physical activities simply means movement of the body that uses energy.

Leadership is the quality of a person to lead others in a family, society, tribe, group or country.

1. Attractive physique
2. Laborious

1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Planning
4. Active
5. Maintenance

Camping is an outdoor recreational activity involving overnight stays away from home in a shelter such as a tent, a caravan, or a motorhome.

Rock climbing is an activity in which participants climb up, down or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the endpoint of a usually pre-defined route without falling. 

Trekking is long adventurous journey undertaken on foot in areas where common means of transport are generally not available.

River rafting is adventure sport. It is a river journey undertaken on a raft or boat made of inflatable material.

There are four types of trekking:

1. Easy trekking
2. Moderate trekking
3. Strenuous trekking
4. Difficult trekking

Mountaineering is the activity of climbing the steep sides of mountains as a hobby or sport. 

1. Endurance
2. Strong determination
3. Physical Fitness

The term surfing refers to the act of riding a wave, regardless of whether the wave is ridden with a board or without a board, and regardless of the stance used.

Para-gliding is a sport resembling hang gliding, in which a person jumps from an aircraft or high place wearing a wide, rectangular, steerable parachute.

1. To do something unique and daring in the field of sports.
2. To accept the challenges posed by nature and natural surroundings.
3. To promote the spirit of risk-taking and teamwork.
4. To serve as a training ground for future leaders in physical education.

1. Surfing
2. River-Rafting

1. The place should be away from wild animals.
2. Camping should be held at a peaceful place.

1. Motivators: Team players respect a sports leader who is a hard worker and maintains enthusiasm for team goals, as well as for individual player success. One of the most important qualities you need as a coach is passion—for the sport itself and toward individuals on the team.
   A successful sports leader keeps team members motivated and optimistic eventually realizes positive outcomes, such as term cohesion, performance and satisfaction.
2. Effective communicator in sports: A team filled with the best players in the league who communicates poorly will, flounder in mediocrity, while a team filled with run of-the-mill players who communicates flowlessly will be contenders every year. Effective communication in sports is an absolute essential trait that quality teams must have in order to be successful, from the coaches to the team leaders, all the way down to the role players.
3. Visionaries: Sports leaders inspire other because they maintain a positive attitude, high morale and persistent drive toward goals, Johnson says. Effective leaders,  including coaches and team leaders, are highly focused on a vision for their team and drive other toward outcome and results for trekking that vision.

Trekking:

Trekking means going on a long and difficult journey, especially on foot. Its course often includes journey over mountainous regions and woods.

1. Easy Trekking: The individuals specially the beginners are offered easy treaks.
2. Moderates Trekking: Moderates treaks are slightly difficult and challenging than easy treaks.
3. Strenous trekking: Strenous trekking requires a lot of physical effort energy and determination.
4. Difficult trekking: Such type fo trekking is suitable only for real adventure seekers.

1. Always swim or surf at places patrolled by surf life-savers or lifeguards.
2. Swim between the red and yellow flags. They mark the safest area to swim.
3. Always swim under supervision or with a friend.
4. Read and obey the signs.
5. Don't swim directly after a meal.
6. Don't swim under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
7. If you are unsure of surf conditions, ask a life-saver or lifeguard.
8. Never run and dive in the water. Even if you have checked before, conditions can change.
9. If you get into trouble in the water, don't panic. Raise arm for help, float and wait for assistance.
10. Float with a current or undertow. Stay calm. Don't try to swim against it. Signal for help and wait for assistance.

With a good attitude, safety during paragliding can be simplified into four elements for each flight to be safe. These four items are:

1. Preparation
2. A Good Launch
3. Reaching the Landing Zone with Sufficient Altitude for an Approach
4. A Good Landing

1. Preparation: 
   1. Gather information about the weather forecast, the actual wind conditions, the site and anything that will help you decide if flying on such a day and time will be safe.
   2. Maintain your equipment with regular inspections and monitoring.
   3. Prior to each flight do a thorough preflight of your equipment. If there are any issues, do not fly!
   4. Do a harness connection check prior to each flight.
   5. Check your own mindset and fly only when you feel sure you are in the correct state of mind.
   6. Practice regularly your ground handling and launch techniques to keep them current for each technique.
   7. Make all of the above a routine that you do out of habit. Habits make all of the above much more predictable and harder to forget.
2. A Good Launch:
   1. Each successful flight begins with a good launch that includes keeping the legs down until well clear of the hill.
   2. During each launch, have the ability and be prepared to abort quickly if any factor does not feel right or goes wrong. Knowing when to abort and having this ability will make you a better pilot.
3. Reach the Landing Zone with Adequate Altitude:
   1. During the flight, the number one goal should be to make sure and reach the LZ with some enough altitude to assess wind conditions and plan a safe approach.
   2. Any other goals during the flight fall below this priority.
   3. Failure to reach the LZ will mean landing out. Landing out is much more hazardous and greatly increases the chances for an accident.
4. A Good Landing:
   1. Each successful flight ends with a nice landing.
   2. Landing in the LZ into or mostly into the wind is the priority.
   3. Practice landing approaches and master being able to land as close as possible to your intended target.
   4. Practice flair timing and touch on each and every flight.

Safety Measures: Mountaineering activities must be done under the experts and experienced leader, should have a thorough knowledge of track route of mountaineering, one should know flora and fauna or the route, always be alert and aware of your surroundings, keep sufficient food for the group, all the equipments should be checked before use, beware of avalanche.

1. Rakesh decided to clean the waste the trek, during the trek.
2. Rakesh inspired his friends to clean the environment by cleaning the leftover waste from the trek.
3. Following values were shown by Rakesh during trekking
   1. Leadership skills
   2. Environment-Friendly
   3. Inspiring others

Do's:
Adventure activities must be organized under the expert guidance.
Proper knowledge of sight and route.
Ensure safety of participants.
Keep first aid arrangement.
Arrangement of good quality of equipment.
Be prepared to face weather change while you are camping.
Bio-degradable and non-biodegradables waste products should be thrown in proper bins.
Cleanliness should be maintained on campsite.
Fire should be properly extinguished during camping in forests or hilly areas.

Don'ts:

Throw eatables and empty bottles on camp site.
Clothes and utensils should not be washed in running rivers and canal waters.
Used plastic cans and aluminum and toffee wrappers should not be thrown on hills and mountains.
People should not defecate and urinate near river banks.
Raincoats or clothes that have been only been used once should not be left in hills.
Cutting or tress is prohibited in forest and hilly areas during camping.
Drinking water river canal water should not be polluted under any circumstances.
There should be no noise pollution during trekking that can disturb the lifestyle of wild animals.
Deforestation is prohibited in forest and hilly areas during camping.

Leadership is nothing but the quality of a person to lead a group. Through participation in adventure sports a numerous quality of leadership develops.

There are:

L:   Loyalty, Leadership
E:   Endurance, Engaging personality
A:   Alertness, Adjustment, Absence of organic or functional defects, Ability to coordinate activities.
D:  Discipline, dutifulness, dependability, desire to help others.
E:   Energetic, earnestness.
R:  Reliability, right thinking, right judgement
S:  Sincerity, sympathy, self-control, sociability, scholarship, sacrifice, super motor capacity.
H: Health, Honesty
I:  Intelligence, Industriousness, Impartiality, Interest in teaching
P: Patience, Perseverance, personality, physical skills, public relations.

When a student or individual take part in adventure sports he or she develops the above qualities. By assigning the duties in physical education it develops confidence, to lead their team. By doing adventure activities, it develops the discipline, confidence and the ability to take decisions. By taking part in those actions the student becomes energetic, reliable, social and honest.

Different adventure sports activities develop the quality of patience, public relation and it grooms the personality of an individual. Hence, at last, we can say that through participation in adventure and sports, we can develop the leadership qualities in the individual.

The objective of physical education is the development of an individual mentally, socially and emotionally fit. Through participation in adventurous sports, following objectives can be achieved.

1. To develop self-confidence: By overcoming the fear and experiencing the thrill one can develop self confidence.
2. To build the concentration: In these sports a person has to be very alert and attentive all the time. It develops the concentraition.
3. To develop mental and physical fitness: These sports help in developing the mental and physical fitness. Such sports fitness skills like jumping, climbing and swimming etc.
4. To improve social relations: During participation in adventure sports qualities like sympathy co operation, helpfulness, adjustment, group cohesion, unity, sincerity, patience, fraternity are developed.
5. To have bonding with Nature: Most of the adventure sports are outdoor activities which give enough opportunities to experience nature which develops the bonding with nature.
6. To face the challenges against the Nature: These sports enhance once capacity to deal with odd situations with courage and determination.
7. Proper use of abundant energy: Adventure sports provide the participant a positive and a healthy channelization of their abound and energy.
8. To provide amusement and excitement: It is the vital objective of adventure sport to provide amusement and excitement.
9. To encourage creativity: These sports allow and encourage the creativity of an individual.
10. Inculcate adventure: Motivate to learn sportsmanship.

In order to make behavior changes most people go through at least five distinct
stages we moe in a spiral pattern upwards through the stages, but there can be, and usually is, some backsliding between stages.

Below is an explanation of each stage in detail:

Stage I: In this stage, you are not aware or deny there is a problem at all you blame circumstances beyond your control. “I can’t lose weight because of my wife’s cooking”.

Stage II: The individual is experiencing ambivalence about change. They can see reasons to change their behaviour, but they are still hesitant. The problem behaviour continues.

Stage III: Preparation: The individual has decided to change their behaviour, and they begin to think about how to do so. During this stage, they will begin to make minor changes to support their goal, but they might not have completely ended the unwanted behaviour.

Stage IV: Action: Significant steps are taken to end the problem behaviors. The individual might be avoiding triggers, reaching out for help, or taking other steps to avoid temptation.

Stage V: Maintenance: The changes made during the action stage are maintained. The individual may continue to face challenges, but at this point, they have successfully changed their behaviour for a significant period of time.

Relapse: After making changes, some individuals will return to their previous problem behaviours. This can happen at any time during the previous stages. Not everyone will experience relapse, but it is always a risk.

Physical activities can play a major role in increasing the quality of life in following ways:

1. Increase in the health of the heart: The efficiency of heart increases and various changes takes place in heart.
   1. Lower Blood Pressure
   2. Less chances of heart attack
2. Increase Mental Health
                       Physical Activities
                                 ↓
         Increased circulation of oxygen to working muscles
                                 ↓
              Increases energy level of body
                                 ↓
               A person feels happy
                                ↓
              Improves mental health
3. Helps in controlling weight
                            Physical Activities
                                  ↓
                            Burning of extra calories
                                   ↓
                            Maintain weight control
                                   ↓
    Protection of diseases like diabetes, Heart Problems etc.