Physical Education Chapter 10 Psychology And Sports

Psychology is the science of human behaviour.

Sports psychology is the application of psychological Principles to sports and physical activity at all levels of skill improvement.

Growth - The term growth in physical education means the growth of the parts of the body, may be in size, height and weight Development can be defined as progressive series of changes in an orderly coherent pattern.

Adolescence is the period of great stress and strain, storm and strife or Adolescence is the period of change from childhood to adulthood.

The play activities in the age group should not be strenuous because physical capacities develop slowly. The fundamentals of various games and sports which are simple should be introduced.

In this age group team sports, individual sports, athletics, gymnastics, swimming and floor dancing etc. can be played.

Learning in the broadest sense is the organizations of behaviour according to the performance demands of some task.

1. Primary laws of learning
2. Secondary laws of learning

Transfer of learning occurs when a person's learning in one Situation influences his learning and performances in other situations.

When there is an improvement in a performance as a result of previous learning or training.

When learning one skill makes the learning of the second skill more difficult.

During this stage of the body, the growth and development occur in a progressive manner individual gains considerable weight and height. The cognitive development starts.

1. Aggressive and violent behaviour.
2. Physical problem Lack of concentration.
3. Attraction towards opposite sex.

Improve performances: The Knowledge of sports psychology helps to improve the performance and personality of players by scientific ways of modifying behaviour.

Motivation and feedback: Proper motivation and proper feedback enhance the performance of players. It gives counselling to players. This can be guided by sports psychology.

Better selection: The knowledge of sports psychology guides the coaches for a better selection of players.

Law of exercise - Repetition of experiences increase the probability of a correct response but it will not enhance learning without satisfying effect following the response. This law is also known as the law of use and disuse. Practice makes the learning bond stronger thus more we practice or use the better is learning.

The secondary law of learning:

1. Law of continuity
2. Law of similarity
3. Law of belongingness
4. Law of attitude
5. Law of Primacy

Law of belongingness

If the mutual relationship between stimulus and response is natural then learning is more effective for example running, jumping and throwing are natural activities, therefore, these activities are easy to learn. Along with this, these activities can be learnt quickly. The activities which are artificial or unnatural are difficult to learn such as to run backwards while using hands and legs properly is difficult.

Physical characteristics:

1. The gain in height, weight and ossification of bones is almost complete
2. Endurance is developed to a great extent
3. Co-ordination of muscles reaches its peak.

Mental characteristics:
People of this age begin to think and feel differential. Hormonal changes reflect in behaviour and mood. Teenagers become short-tempered, moody and irritable. They also become very self-conscious and extra sensitive.

Physical characteristics:

1. It is a period of slow but steady growth in height.
2. Bones are soft.
3. Weight increase in steady.
4. Pulse rate is higher than adults.
5. The heart size is smaller in comparison to the body.
6. Strength is not well developed Mental Characteristics.

(i) Develop interest: Develop interest and bring recreation in training. This gives enjoyment and pleasures to perform the activity.

(ii) Reduce competition: Too much competition should be avoided and equal levels should be considered for competition.

(iii)Proper rest and recover: Proper rest and recovery should be taken to overcome a plateau. Care should be taken that it should not be too long.

Emotions are consistent responses to internal or external events, which have particular significance for organism. These response may be verbal, physiological, behavioural and natural mechanism, Emotions may be positive or negative like joy versus sadness, anger versus fear, trust versus distrust, surprise versus anticipation.

1. Aggressive and Violent Behaviour: Adolescent has aggressive behaviour and often becomes violent very fast. They easily become, irritated and repulsive when work is not of their interest.
2. Problems related to physiological growth. The physiological changes associated with adolescence present conditions and problems that the adolescence has not met up to this time and in may cases is ill-prepared to meet them when they appear.
3. Confusion between the adolescent's role and status unfortunately neither the adolescent's role nor his status is clear cut in the society. A boy may be treated like a man in many situations outside but like a child in his own home.
4. Problems related with the future: The adolescence is a period when the individual is not a child, he has emerged from the safe and protected life of childhood. He has now to decide to what course of life he has to follow.

The general trends of rapid beginning continues for some time after it slows down and reaches a level where no further improvement occurs. The learning curve travels in almost a horizontal plane. These horizontal stretches indicative of no apparent progress are called a plateau.

Causes of Plateau:

1. Boredom - Some routine work often brings boredom, it is one of the cause of boredom.
2. Lack of Practice - Lack of practice often causes plateau and stagnated performance.
3. Dirty environment - Poor, dirty and unsafe environment may plateau.
4. Lack of Motivation - Lack of Motivation and less feedback often causes long learning plateau.

(i) Learning may be defined as the process by which behaviour originates or is altered through training or experience.
(ii) It is regarded as a modification of both behaviour and the way of perceiving.

Primary laws of learning are as follow-

1. Law of effect - is a satisfying effect following the response strengthens the connection between the stimulus and the behaviour.
2. Law of exercise - repetition of experience increases the probability of a correct response but it will not enhance learning without a satisfying effect following
   the response.
3. Law of readiness - The execution of an action in response to a strong impulse is satisfying but the blocking of action or force is annoying.

(i) Emotions are intense feeling that is directed at someone or something. They are subjective, conscious experiences characterised by expressions, biological reactions and medical status.

(ii) It is a complete physiological state that involves three distinct components.

(a) a subjective experience
(b) a physiological response
(c) a behavioural or expressive response

Methods of controlling emotions:

1. Stop and evaluate: One of the best tilings you can do is mentally stop yourself and look at the situation. Then think the positive aspects of your current situation.
2. Physical activity: It changes the mood by taking in distraction, thus performs physical activity.
3. Take proper food: Amount of salt may be reduced, food Quantity of potassium may be controlled which is responsible for systolic and diastolic pressure reduction in blood. We should include pear, tomato, banana, orange and nuts in our food.
4. Avoid tension: Tension increases high BP. So we should remain tension free in difficult situations also participation in games and entertainment activities reduce high BP.
5. Exercise regularly and participate in games and sports: Regular exercise help, in the reduction of high blood pressure. Average types of exercise done vigorously for a longer period of time are very effective in reducing high BP. In the beginning, exercise may be done at a slow pace, then the pace may be increased slowly.

Management of Adolescent problems

1. The sympathetic and liberal attitude of parents: A sympathetic and liberal attitude of parents and their cooperative nature can help in solving many problems of adolescents, Parents should take note of the change take place during place during growth and development of children and adjust their own behaviour towards the adolescents. The liberal and sympathetic attitude of parents develops self-confidence.
2. The healthy atmosphere at home and school: the Unhealthy atmosphere at home or in school or carelessness towards children can force children to fall in bad company. In orders to save children from bad habits and company, it is important to provide sufficient means for the satisfaction of their interests home or school. Activities like music arts or sports can help in keeping the children busy and indulge in healthy recreation.
3. Moral and Religious Education: Religious and moral education can help adolescents get some peace of mind and direction in their lives. Moral education should be a part of school education while the home is the best institution for religious education.
4. Friendly attitude: At this stage, adolescent wants to accept the friendly attitudes. So parents and teachers should act more as friends rather strict, disciplined and rigid parents. Moreover, this friendly attitude will bring them more close instead of making gaps between them.
5. Readable Independence: They should be given a reasonable amount of independence. They should be given the freedom to express themselves and their point of views should be discussed in a reasonable manner. They should also be given freedom to go out reasonably keeping their safety in mind.