Are there cultural differences in the conceptulisation of intelligence?

Yes, culture, which is a set of beliefs, customs, attitudes and achievements in art of literature, affects the process of intellectual development.

• According to Sternberg, intelligence is a product of culture.

• Vyotsky believes that while elementary mental operations are common, higher mental activities like problem-solving and thinking are cultinally produced.

• Technological Intelligence

(i) Promotes an individualistic ancient action.

(ii) Individuals in technologically educated western societies possess this kind of intelligence.

(iii) They are well sersed in skills of attention, observation, analysis, speed, etc.

• Integral Intelligence

(i) Intelligence in the Indian tradition is integral intelligence.

(ii) It views intelligence from a holistic perspective.

(iii) It gives equal attention to cognitive and non-cognitive processes, as well as their integration.

(iv) 'Buddhi' is the knowledge of one's own self based on conscience, will and desire.

(v) It has effective, motivational as well as cognitive components.

It includes:

(i) Cognitive competence (discrimination, problem-solving).

(ii) Social competence (respect for elders, concern for others, respecting opinions of others).

(iii) Emotional competence (self regulation, self monitoring).

(iv) Entrepreneural competence commitment, persistence, patience).