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Politics of Planned Development
Assess the outcome of planned development towards the foundation of India’s economic growth and land reforms.
OR
Explain any two causes of the partition of India in 1947. Analyse its any four major consequences.
The out comes of planned development are-
(a) Foundation:
(i) Some of the largest developmental projects in India’s history were undertaken during this period which included mega –dams like Bhakhra-Nangal and Hirakud.
(ii) Heavy industries in the public sector such as steel plants, oil refineries, defence production and etc were started.
(iii) Infrastructure for transport and communication was improved substantially.
(b) Land reforms:
(i) The most significant and successful of these was the abolition of the colonial system of Zamindari.
(ii) Attempts at consolidation of land - bringing small pieces of land together in one place so that the farm size could become viable for agriculture-were fairly successful.
(iii) The tenants who worked on some one else’s land were given greater legal security against eviction.
OR
The causes of partition were:
(i) Two-nation theory
(ii) Religion
Consequences of Partition:
(i) Most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that human history has known. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border.
(ii) Cities like Amritsar and Kolkata divided into communal zones. People were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders, they went through immense sufferings.
(iii) Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border, they were forced to change the religion and were forced into marriage. Many children were separated from their parents.
(iv) The Partition was a division of properties, liabilities and assets as well as a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus.
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“In the early years of Independence, two contradictory tendencies were already well advanced inside the Congress party. On the one hand, the national party executive endorsed socialist principles of state ownership, regulat ion and control over key sectors of the economy in order to improve productivity and at the same time curb economic concentration. On the other hand, the national Congress government pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private investment that was justified in terms of the sole criterion of achieving maximum increase in production. ” — Francine Frankel
(a) What is the contradiction that the author is talking about ? What would be the political implications of a contradiction like this ?
(b) If the author is correct, why is it that the Congress was pursuing this policy ? Was it related to the nature of the opposition parties ?
(c) Was there also a contradiction between the central leadership of the Congress party and its State level leaders ?
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