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Rise of Popular Movements
Describe any six factors which made the farmers’ movement run by Bharatiya Kisan Union as the most successful popular movement.
OR
Which three lessons do we learn from regional aspirations and their accommodation as an integral part of democratic politics ? Describe.
The factors:
i. Kisan Andolan led by BKU was one of the most disciplined agitation.
ii. BKU used traditional Caste Panchayats to bring them together on economic issues.
iii. BKU use clan networks for generating funds and resources.
iv. The demands raised by BKU were very dear to farmers and were readily accepted by the farmers.
v. BKU kept itself a political and worked as a pressure group.
vi. BKU used the pressure tactics and showed the strength and power of the farmers.
OR
Regional aspirations are very important part of democratic politics and expression of regional issues is a normal phenomenon.
i. Democratic negotiations are the best way to resolve the regional issues. Regional matters can be resolved by power sharing within constitutional framework.
ii. Regional balance and economic development decrease the feeling of regional discrimination. Therefore the problem of backwardness of regions should be addressed at a priority.
iii. Constitutional provisions already incorporated in resolving regional issues. As the sixth schedule of the constitution allows different tribes complete autonomy of preserving their practices and customary laws. Federalism should be given respect in true sense.
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.....nearly all ‘new social movements have emerged as corrective to new maladies–environmental degradation, violation of the status of women, destruction of tribal cultures and the undermining of human rights-none of which are in and by themselves transformative of the social order. They are in that way quite different from revolutionary ideologies of the past. But their weakness lies in their being so heavily fragmented......................a large part of the space occupied by the new social movements seem to be suffering from ..various characteristics which Have prevented them from being relevant to the truly oppressed and the poor in the form of a solid unified movement of the people. They are too fragmented, reactive, ad hocish, providing no comprehensive framework of basic social change. Their being anti-this or that (anti-West, anti-capitalist, anti-development, etc.) does not make them any more coherent, any more relevant to oppressed and peripheralised communities. —Rajni Kothari
(a) What is the difference between new social movements and revolutionary ideologies ?
(b) What according to the author are the limitations of social movements ?
(c) If social movements address specific issues, would you say that they are ‘fragmented’ or that they are more focused ? Give reasons for your answer by giving examples.
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