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The Crisis of Democratic Order
The protests and movements against the government were justified on the following grounds :
(i) Indian politics had a history of popular struggles.
(ii) Right to publicly protest against the goverment.
(iii)Mostlyw peaceful and non-violent agitations in Bihar and Gujarat.
(iv) No cases were registered against most of the detainees.
(v) No concern about law and order were expressed by the Home Ministry.
(vi) Enough routine powers with the government to deal with the situation.
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• Effects on civil liberties for citizens.
• Impact on relationship between the Executive and Judiciary.
• Functioning of Mass Media.
• Working of the Police and Bureaucracy.
Indian democracy was never so close to a two-party system as it was during the 1977 elections. However, the next few years saw a complete change. Soon after its defeat, the Indian National Congress split into two groups ................ The Janata Party also went through major convulsions ........ David Butler, Ashok Lahiri and Prannoy Roy. –Partha Chatterjee
(a) What made the party system in India look like a two-party system in 1977 ?
(b) Many more than two parties existed in 1977. Why then are the authors describing this period as close to a two-party system ?
(c) What caused splits in Congress and the Janata parties ?
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