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Presentation of Data
How classes can be formed while presenting the data?
Classes can be formed in two ways :
(i) Exclusive type, (ii) Inclusive type.
(i) Exclusive Type : When the class intervals are so fixed that the upper limit of one class is the lower limit of the new class, it is known as exclusive method of clasfication.
For example:
|
Marks (percentage) |
No. of students |
|
0 – 10 |
15 |
|
10 – 20 |
17 |
|
20 – 30 |
22 |
|
30 – 40 |
30 |
|
40 – 50 |
39 |
|
50 – 60 |
45 |
In this method, higher value of the variable in the class is not included in that class. i.e.
|
Marks (percentage) |
No. of Students |
|
0 and more but less than 10 |
15 |
|
10 and more but less than 20 |
17 |
|
20 and more but less than 30 |
22 |
|
30 and more but less than 40 |
30 |
|
40 and more but less than 50 |
39 |
|
50 and more but less than 60 |
45 |
(ii) Inclusive Type : In this method, the students getting say 39% marks will be included in the class 30 - 39 itself i.e.
|
Marks (Percentage) |
No. of Students |
|
0 – 9 |
5 |
|
10 – 19 |
8 |
|
20 – 29 |
7 |
|
30 – 39 |
13 |
|
40 – 49 |
25 |
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Histogram can only be formed with continuous classification of data.
Histogram and column diagram are the same method of presentaton of data.
Mode of a frequency distribution can be known graphically with the help of histogram.
Median of a frequency distribution cannot be known from the ogives.
What kind of diagrams are more effective in representing the following:
(i) Monthly rainfall in a year.
(ii) Composition of the population of Delhi by religion.
(iii) Components of cost in a factory.
Suppose you want to emphasise the increase in the share of urban non-workers and lower level of urbanisation in India as shown in Example 4.2. How would you do it in the tabular form?
How does the procedure of drawing a histogram differ when class intervals are unequal in comparison to equal class intervals in a frequency table?
The Indian Sugar Mills Association reported that, ‘Sugar production during the first fortnight of December 2001 was about 3,87,000 tonnes, as against 3,78,000 tonnes during the same fortnight last year (2000). The off-take of sugar from factories during the first fortnight of December 2001 was 2,83,000 tonnes for internal consumption and 41,000 tonnes for exports as against 1,54,000 tonnes for internal consumption and nil for exports during the same fortnight last season.’
(i) Present the data in tabular form.
(ii) Suppose you were to present these data in diagrammatic form which of the diagrams would you use and why ?
(iii) Present these data diagram-matically.
The following table shows the estimated sectoral real growth rates (percentage change over the previous year) in GDP at factor cost.
|
Year |
Agriculture and Allied Sectors |
Industry |
Services |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1994 – 95 |
5.0 |
9.2 |
7.0 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1995 – 96 |
– 0.9 |
11.8 |
10.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1996 – 97 |
9.6 |
6.0 |
7.1 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1997 – 98 |
– 1.9 |
5.9 |
9.0 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1998 – 99 |
7.2 |
4.0 |
8.3 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1999 – 2000 |
0.8 |
6.9 |
8.2 |
What is meant by presentation of data?
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