Highlight the distinctions between Print Media and Audio-Visual Media.

The distinctions between Print Media and Audio-Visual Media:

(A) Print Media:

1. The print media include newspapers, periodicals and magazines of different kinds.

2. According to the Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers in India (RNI) for the year 2000, the total number of newspapers and periodicals being published in India was 49,145 as compared to 46,655 during 1999, registering an increase of 5.34 percent.

3. There were 5,364 dailies, 339 tri/bi weeklies, 17,749 weeklies, 6,553 fortnightlies 13,616 monthlies and 3,425 quarterlies, etc.

4. Newspapers were published in as many 101 languages and dialects during 2000.

5. The largest number of newspapers (19,685) was published in Hindi followed by English (7,175) and Urdu (2848). Daily newspapers were published in all principal languages except in Kashmiri. Newspapers are published from all states and Union Territories.

6. Bombay Samachar, a Gujarati daily, published from Mumbai since 1822 is the oldest existing newspaper.

7. As per the RNIs report, the total claimed circulation of the Indian newspapers during 2000 was 12,69,63,763 copies.

8. The modern print media has been strengthened through the establishment of different agencies.

9. The Registrar of Newspapers in India (RNI) was set up in 1956 to allot newsprint for newspapers.

10. Every newspaper periodical has to be registered with the RNI.

11. There are news agencies like Press Trust of India (PTI) and United News of India (UNI) to collect and supply news to newspapers. The Press Council of India has been established to safeguard freedom of the Press and maintain and improve the standard of newspapers and news agencies.

12. The Government of India has its own Press Information Bureau and Publication Division to disseminate information on its policies, programmes and activities.

(B) Visual Media:

1. Film has been far the most popular means of audio-visual mass media in our country.

2. Feature films are being produced in India since 1912-13, while R.G. Torney, along with Chitre, made Pundalik in 1912, Dhunjiraj Govind Phalke produced Raja Harishchandra in 1913.

3. The talkies replaced the era of silent films in 1931 when Adeshir Irani produced Alam Ara (movie with dialogue).

4. India is today the leader in the world in the annual output of feature films.

5. Films in India can be publicly exhibited only after the Central Board of Film Certificate (CBFC) has certified them.

6. In the year 2000, the Board certified 855 Indian and 252 foreign feature films, 1058 Indian and 194 foreign short film, 111 Indian video feature films and 38 foreign video feature films and 503 Indian video short films and 167 foreign video short films.

7. The Film Division was established by the government of India in 1948 to record, propagate and preserve the achievements of resurgent independent India.

8. It has been a vital link between the people and the government. It is the largest national agency devoted to production and distribution of news magazines and documentaries.

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M. Imp.