Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow:

The world beyond the palace

Just as the Buddha’s teachings were compiled by his followers, the teachings of Mahavira were also recorded by his disciples. These were often in the form of stories, which could appeal to ordinary people. Here is one example, from a Prakrit text known as the Uttaradhyayana Sutta, describing how a queen named Kamalavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world :

If the whole world and all its treasures were yours, you would not be satisfied, nor would all this be able to save you. When you die, O king and leave all things behind, dhamma alone, and nothing else, will save you. As a bird dislikes the cage, so do I dislike (the world). I shall live as a nun without offspring, without desire, without the love of gain, and without hatred….

Those who have enjoyed pleasures and renounced them, move about like the wind, and go wherever they please, unchecked like birds in their flight … Leave your large kingdom … abandon what pleases the senses, be without attachment and property, then practice severe penance, being firm of energy …

(14.1)Who compiled the teachings of Buddha and Mahavira?

(14.2)Explain how did the queen try to convince her husband to renounce the world.

(14.3)Describe any three principles of Jainism.

(14.1) Teaching of Buddha and Mahavira compiled by:

(i)Buddha’s teachings were compiled by his followers at a council of elders or senior monks.

(ii)Mahavira’s teachings were also recorded / compiled by his disciples.

(14.2) The queen tried to convince her husband to renounce the world by saying that:

(i)If the whole world and all its treasures was his , he would not be satisfied, all this would not be able to save him.

(ii)After his death he will have to leave all things behind.

(iii)Only dhamma can save him.

(iv)She said that she dislike the world as a bird dislike the cage.

(v)She wanted to live like a nun without offspring, without desire, without the love of gain and without hatred.

(ANY TWO)

(14.3) The principles of Jainism:

(i)The entire world is animated: even stones, rocks and water have life. Non-injury to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy.

(ii)In fact the principle of ahimsa, emphasized within Jainism, has left its mark on Indian thinking as a whole. According to Jaina teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.

(iii)Asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma. This can be achieved only by renouncing the world;

(iv)Monastic existence is a necessary condition of Salvation.

(v)Jaina monks and nuns took five vows:

1. To abstain from killing, ( Ahimsa)
2. Stealing ( Asteya)
3. Truth ( Satya)
4. To observe celibacy (Brahmacharya)
5. To abstain from possessing property. (Aparigraha)