I. There are nouns in the text (formation, government) which are formed from the corresponding verbs (form, govern) by suffixing -(at)ion or ment. There may be a change in the spelling of some verb – noun pairs: such as rebel, rebellion; constitute, constitution.

1. Make a list of such pairs of nouns and verbs in the text.

Noun	Verb
rebellion	rebel
constitution	constitute

Why were two national anthems sung?

How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country
(i) in the first decade, and
(ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century?

Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone?

Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa?

At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions “an extraordinary human disaster”. What does he mean by this? What is the “glorious … human achievement” he speaks of at the end?

What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa?

What does courage mean to Mandela?

Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?

What “twin obligations” does Mandela mention?