State the exact location of the following structures:

Proximal convoluted tubule.

Given below is an example of certain structures and their special functional activities.

For example: Eye and vision.

On a similar pattern, complete the following:

Differentiate between the following pairs on the basis of what is mentioned within brackets:

(v) Bowman's capsule and Malpighian capsule (parts included)

Give biological reasons for the following:

The renal cortex has a dotted appearance.

Mention the exact location of the following structures:

v. Loop of Henle

Draw neat and labelled diagrams of the following:

i. Malpighian Capsule

 The diagram given below shows the male urinogenital system of a human being. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

i. Label the parts numbered 1 to 8.

ii. Name the corresponding structure of part (4) in female reproductive system.

iii. What is the role of part 7? [5]

Explain the following terms:

Selective reabsorption.

Name the following :

The structural and functional unit of the kidney.

Study the diagram given below and answer the following questions:  



(i) Name the region in the kidney where this structure is present
(ii) Name the parts labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4.
(iii) Name the stages involved in the formation of urine.
(iv)What is the technical term given to the process occurring in 2 and 3? Briefly describe the process. 

Give reasons for the following:

(ii) Urine is slightly thicker in summer than in winter.