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Wave Optics

Question
CBSEENPH12039230

Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, how the flow of current carries in a p-n-p transistor is regulated with emitter-base junction forward biased and base-collector junction reverse biased. 

Solution

The emitter-base junction is given a small forward bias, while base collector junction is given a large reverse bias.
Under the forward biasing of emitter-base region, the positive holes of P - region move towards the base. Due to thin base most of holes (about 98%) entering it pass onto collector while a very few of them (nearly 2%) combine with the electrons of base.
As soon as a hole combines with the electron, a fresh electron leaves the negative terminal of battery VEE and enters the base. This causes a very small base current I B. The holes entering the collector move under the aiding reverse bias towards terminal C. As a hole reaches terminal C, an electron leaves the negative terminal of battery VCC and neutralizes the hole.
This causes the collector current IC . Both these currents IB and IC combine to form the emitter current Ie.

i. e., IE = IB + IC
Obviously the holes are the charge carriers within the p-n-p transistor while the electrons are charge carriers in external circuit.

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