Question
Draw a labelled diagram of Van de Graff generator. State its working principle to show how by introducing a small charged sphere into a larger sphere, a large amount of charge can be transferred to the outer sphere. State the use of this machine and also point out its limitations.
Solution
Van De Graff generator: Van de Graff generator is capable of producing very high potential of the order of 10 MV.
The underlying principle of Van de Graff generator is that a charge given to a hollow conductor is transferred to outer surface and is distributed uniformly over it.
Construction: It consists of a large hollow metallic sphere S mounted on two insulating columns A and B and an endless belt of rubber or silk is made to run on two pulleys P1 and P2 by the means of an electric motor. C1 and C2 are two sharp metallic spikes in the form of combs. The lower comb C1 is connected to the positive terminal of a very high voltage source and the upper comb C2 is connected to the inner surface of metallic sphere S.
Working:
i. When comb C1 is given very high potential, then it produces ions in its vicinity, due to action of sharp points.
ii. The positive ions, so produced, get sprayed on the belt due to the repulsion between positive ions and comb C1.
iii. These positive ions are carried upward by the moving belt. The pointed end of C2 just touches the belt.
iv. The comb C2 collects positive charge from the belt which immediately moves to the outer surface of sphere S.
v. As the belt goes on revolving, it continues to take (+) charge upward, which is collected by comb C2 and transferred to outer surface of sphere S. Thus the outer surface of metallic sphere S gains positive charge continuously and its potential rises to a very high value.
vi. When the potential of a metallic sphere gains very high value, the dielectric strength of surrounding air breaks down and its charge begins to leak, to the surrounding air.
vii. The maximum potential is reached when the rate of leakage of charge becomes equal to the rate of charge transferred to the sphere.
To prevent leakage of charge from the sphere, the generator is completely enclosed in an earthed connected steel tank which is filled with air under high pressure.
Uses:
i. When comb C1 is given very high potential, then it produces ions in its vicinity, due to action of sharp points.
ii. The positive ions, so produced, get sprayed on the belt due to the repulsion between positive ions and comb C1.
iii. These positive ions are carried upward by the moving belt. The pointed end of C2 just touches the belt.
iv. The comb C2 collects positive charge from the belt which immediately moves to the outer surface of sphere S.
v. As the belt goes on revolving, it continues to take (+) charge upward, which is collected by comb C2 and transferred to outer surface of sphere S. Thus the outer surface of metallic sphere S gains positive charge continuously and its potential rises to a very high value.
vi. When the potential of a metallic sphere gains very high value, the dielectric strength of surrounding air breaks down and its charge begins to leak, to the surrounding air.
vii. The maximum potential is reached when the rate of leakage of charge becomes equal to the rate of charge transferred to the sphere.
To prevent leakage of charge from the sphere, the generator is completely enclosed in an earthed connected steel tank which is filled with air under high pressure.
Uses:
1. Used to accelerate charged particles such as electrons, protons, ions etc, used for nuclear disintegration.
Limitations:
1. Generator allows only one route for the movement of charge as it is a series combination.
2. It can accelerate only charged particles and not the uncharged particles.
