(a) Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing through a glass prism.

Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms of angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation.

(b) Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection is used in fiber optics.

a) The phenomenon of refraction for a ray of monochromatic light passing through a glass prism is shown as below: 

Let, PQR be the principal section of the prism.
The refracting angle of prism is A. Monochromatic light EF is incident on face PQ at angle of incidence i₁. This ray enters from a rarer to denser medium and hence is refracted towards the normal FN. Refracted ray is FG. Angle of refraction for this face is r₁. Refracted ray FG becomes incident on face PR and is refracted away from the normal GN₂ and emerges in the direction GH. The angle of incidence on this face is r₂ (into prism) and angle of refraction (into air) is i₂. At point O, incident and the emergent ray meet. The angle between these two rays is called the angle of deviation ‘’. 

.
                    ... (1) 

The normal FN₁ and GN₂ on faces PQ and PR respectively, when produced meet at N.
Let, 
                              ... (2) 

We can see that, for one angle of deviation we have two angles of incidence. But, angle of deviation is minimum for only one particular angle if incidence. Angle of minimum deviation is denoted by .

So let,                            i₁ = i₂ = i

And                               r₁ = r₂ = r

Therefore, we have (4) and (6), we have
 

b) An optical fiber is a device based on total internal reflection by which a light signal may be transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of energy. When a light ray is incident on one end at a small angle of incidence, it suffers refraction from air to quartz and strikes the quartz-coating interface at an angle more than the critical angle. Hence, total internal reflection happens and the ray of light strikes the opposite face again at an angle greater than critical angle. The phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place. Thus the ray within the fiber suffers multiple total internal reflections and finally strikes the other end at an angle less than critical angle for quartz-air interface and emerges in air.