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Security In The Contemporary World

Question
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Describe any three international challenging issues that can only be dealt with when all the countries work together.

OR

What is meant by traditional notion of external security ? Describe any two components of this type of security. 

Solution
The three international challenging issues :
i. Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. International terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country. Terrorist groups seek to change a political context or condition that they do not like by force or threat of force. Civilian targets are usually chosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against national governments or other parties in conflict.

ii. Human rights have come to be classified into three types. The first type is political rights such as freedom of speech and assembly. The second type is economic and social rights. The third type is the rights of colonised people or ethnic and indigenous minorities. Since the 1990s, developments such as Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, the genocide in Rwanda, and the Indonesian military’s killing of people in East Timor have led to a debate on whether or not the UN should intervene to stop human rights abuses.

iii. Global poverty is another source of insecurity. World population—now at 650 crore— will reach 700 to 800 crore within 25 years and may eventually level out at 900 to 1000 crore. Poverty in the South has also led to large-scale migration to seek a better life, especially better economic opportunities, in the North. This has created international political frictions.

OR

In the traditional conception of security, the greatest danger to a country is from military threats. The source of this danger is another country which by threatening military action endangers the core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.

i. Balance of Power - When countries look around them, they see that some countries are bigger and stronger. This is a clue to who might be a threat in the future. For instance, a neighbouring country may not say it is preparing for attack. There may be no obvious reason for attack. But the fact that this country is very powerful is a sign that at some point in the future it may choose to be aggressive.

ii. Alliance building - An alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack. Most alliances are formalised in written treaties and are based on a fairly clear identification of who constitutes the threat. Countries form alliances to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance. Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interests change.

Some More Questions From Security in the Contemporary World Chapter

Match the terms with their meaning:

Which among the following would you consider as a traditional security concern / non-traditional security concern / not a thereat ?

(a) The spread of chikungunya / dengue fever.

(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.

(c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region.

(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.

(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country.

What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional security ? Which category would the creation and sustenance of alliances belong to ?

What are the differences in the threats that people in the Third World face and those living in the First World face?

Is terrorism a traditional or non-traditional threat to security ?

What are the choices available to a state when its security is threatened according to the traditional security perspective ?

What is ‘Balance of Power’ ? How could a state achieve this ?

What are the objectives of military alliances ? Give an example of a functioning military alliance with its specific objectives.

Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Do you agree with the statement ? Substantiate your arguments.

Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against contemporary security threats to states. Explain the statement.

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