Describe any six factors responsible for the disintegration of U.S.S.R.

OR

What is meant by New International Economic Order? Mention any four reforms of the global trading system proposed by UNCTAD in 1972.

The factors responsible for Disintegration of U.S.S.R:

(i) Internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions.

(ii) Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages.

(iii) Soviet Union became stagnant in an administrative and political sense as well.

(iv) The Communist Party that had ruled for 70 years was not accountable to the people.

(v) Ordinary people were alienated by slow and stifling administration and rampant corruption.

(vi) The inability of the system to correct mistakes it had made and the unwillingness to allow more openness in government and the centralisation of authority in vast land.
                                                                                                 OR

The Non-aligned countries were categoried as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) – and the challenge they faced was to be more developed. Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new countries. Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free and then be dependent on richer countries. The idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this realization.

Reforms of the global trading system proposed by UNCTAD in 1972.

(i) To give the LDC‟s control over their natural resources exploited by the developed Western countries.

(ii) To obtain access to Western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products and therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries.

(iii) To reduce the cost of technology from the Western countries, and

(iv) To provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.