Distinguish between Permanent executive and Political executive.

The executive and administrative functions in the modern society have become highly complex. Their efficient handling requires a close co-operation of the amateur and the expert, i.e., the popularly chosen leaders who are laymen and the trained administrators and specialists. The two elements are often distinguished by referring to the former as the political executive, and the latter as the permanent executive. The tenure of the political executive depends on popular election. Political leaders remain in office in order to formulate policy and give direction to administration as long as they command the support of the electorate of the Legislature. Public service, on the other hand, has now become a carrier so that, having entered service at an early age, civil servants continue in service till they reach the age of superannuation. In short, parties and politicians at the helm of affairs may keep on changing; the civil services people are there to work in co-operation with whichever leaders come into power. But the civil servants are able to do by maintaining political neutrality in the discharge of their officials duties.

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