The novel describes the life of a young miner in France:

• Hard Times

• Oliver Twist

• Germinal

• Pamela

After 1740, the readership of novels began to include poorer people.

Novelists in colonial India wrote for a political cause.

Outline the changes in technology and society which led to an increase in the readers of the novel in the eighteenth century Europe.

Write a note on:

The Oriya novel

Write a note on:

Jane Austen's portrayal of women

Write a note on:

The picture of the new middle class which the novel Pariksha-Guru portrays.

Discuss some of the social changes in nineteenth-century Britain which Thomas Hardy and Charles Dickens wrote about.

Summarise the concern in both nineteenth-century Europe and India about women reading novels. What does this suggest about how women were viewed?

In what ways was the novel in colonial India useful for both the colonisers as well as the nationalists?

Describe how the issue of caste was included in novels in India. By referring to any two novels, discuss the ways in which they tried to make readers think about existing social issues.