Describe the process of unification of Germany.

OR

Describe infrastructural projects which were developed by the French colonizers in Vietnam.

Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation- building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.

Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years- with Austria, Denmark and France- ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of German unification.

In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in ceremony held at Versailles

OR

The infrastructural projects developed by the French colonisers in Vietnam were:

(i) Building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.

(ii) The vast system of irrigation works-canal and earthworks to increase rice production.

(iii) Construction of trans-Indo-China rail network to link the northern and southern parts of China and Vietnam.