Write an essay on work. Focus on both the range of occupations, which exist and how they change ?

(b) Many type of work do not confirm to the idea of paid employment. Much of the work done in the informal economy, for instance, is not recorded in any direct way in the official employment, statistics.

(c) The term informal economy refers to transaction outs side the is sphere of regular employment, sometime inhaling the exchange of cash for services provided, but also generally involving the direct exchange of goods or services.

Definition of work: We can defined work, whether paid or unpaid, as the carrying out of task requiring the expenditure of mental and physical efford, which has as its objective the production of goods and services that cater to human needs.

Modern form of work : (a) Work in the field : In pre-modern forms of society most people worked in the field or cased for the line stock.

In the industrially developed soviety only tiny proportion of the population works in the agriculture and forming its self and became industrialised. It is carried on largely by means of machines rather than human hand.

In a country like India, the larger share of the population countries to be rural and agricultural or involved in other rural based occupations.

Service sector : These are other trends in India to, for example and expansion of the service sector. In other words we can say that with the rise of industrialisation, urbanisation, Globalisation and liberalisation more and more work is being provided to people in education, health, transportation, communication, computer, information technology and so on.

Characteristics of Economy:

(a) Division of labour : One of the most important features of the modern economy of contemporary societies is the existence of a highly complex division of labour.

Work has been divided into enormeans (great and many) number of different occupations in which people specialised. In tradition and old societies, non agricultural work and tailed the mastry of craft. Craft skills were learned through a lengthy period of apprenticeshipts. and the worker normally,carriedout all aspect of production process from beginning to end.

(b) Household : Modern society also witnesses a shift in the location of work before industrialisation, most work tookplace at home and was completed collectively by all the member of the house hold.

(c) Birth of factory: Advances in industrial technology, such as machinery operating an electricity and coal, contributed to the separation of work and home factories owned by capitalist enterpreneurs became the focal point of industrial development.

(d) Specialisation of task: People seeking jobs in factories were trained to perform a specialised task and receive a wage for this work. Managers supervised his work, for their task was to enhance worker productivity and discipline.

(e) Expansion of Interdependence : One of the main characteristics of modern society is greatly expansion of economic interdependence are of us are dependent an a more number of other worker–strechting right a cross the universe, for the production and services that effect our day to day lives. With few exceptions, the last majority of people in modern societies due not produce the food they eat, the houses they live in or the material goods they consume.

III. Transformation of work :

(a) Flexible production and decentralisation of work : Over the last decades there has been shift to what is generally called flaxible production and decentralisation of work.

It is argue that in this period of globalisation. It is the growing competition between fins and country that it makes essential for firms to organised production suiting the changing market condition to illustrate how this new system operates and what the implecations may be for the workers. We should no modern industry is essential part of a long supply chain, and a freedom of manufacturers is to that extent extremely limited.

(b) Stages : There are, in reality more than a hundred operations between the designer and the final consumer. It is generally accepted that in this chain (of supply) only 15 are in the hands of the manufacturer. Any serious agitation for a rise in wages would lead manufacturers to shift their operations to other localities, beyond the reach of unionists. Whether it is the payment of the existing minimum wage or its substantial revision upwards, what is important is to enlist the support of the retailer in order to create the necessary pressure upon the government and local agencies for a higher wage structure and its effective implementation. Thus the vision here is the creation of an international ‘opinon forum’.