Some vascular bundles are described as open because these

• are surrounded by pericycle but no endodermis

• are capable of producing secondary xylem and phloem

• Possess conjunctive tissue between xylem and phloem

• are not surrounded by pericycle

The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features:
(a) the vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheaths.
(b) phloem parenchyma is absent. What will you identify it as?

Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues?

What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the structure of stomata with a labelled diagram. 

Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each system.

How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?

What is periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dicot stems?

Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagrams.

Cork cambium forms tissues that form the cork. Do you agree with this statement? Explain. 

A transverse section of stem is stained first with safranin and then with fast green following the usual schedule of double staining for the preparation of a permanent slide. What would be the colour of the stained xylem and phloem?