Question
State and explain the geometric arrangements possible in sp3d and sp3d2 hybridisation. Name the d-orbitals involved in these.
Solution
sp3d hybridisation:
In this type, one s, three p and one d-orbital (of a central atom of a compound) of nearly the same energy intermix to give five equivalent sp3d hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals point towards the five corners of a trigonal bipyramid. Out of these five sp3d hybrid orbitals, three are directed towards the three corners of an equilateral triangle while the remaining two are at right angles to the plane of the first three orbitals, d-orbitals, involved in this case is dz2 For example in PF5, sp3d hybridization is involved.
sp3 d2 hybridisation:
In this type, one s, three p and two d atomic orbitals of approximately same energy intermix to give six equivalent sp3d2hybrid orbitals which are directed towards six corners of a regular octahedron. It should be noted that the orbitals (s, p, d) which are mixed together belong to the same quantum shell (n). The two d orbitals involved in this hybridization are dx2–y2 and d2 Shapes of participating orbitals are as shown, e.g. in SF6, sp3 d2 hybridization is involved.
In this type, one s, three p and one d-orbital (of a central atom of a compound) of nearly the same energy intermix to give five equivalent sp3d hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals point towards the five corners of a trigonal bipyramid. Out of these five sp3d hybrid orbitals, three are directed towards the three corners of an equilateral triangle while the remaining two are at right angles to the plane of the first three orbitals, d-orbitals, involved in this case is dz2 For example in PF5, sp3d hybridization is involved.
sp3 d2 hybridisation:
In this type, one s, three p and two d atomic orbitals of approximately same energy intermix to give six equivalent sp3d2hybrid orbitals which are directed towards six corners of a regular octahedron. It should be noted that the orbitals (s, p, d) which are mixed together belong to the same quantum shell (n). The two d orbitals involved in this hybridization are dx2–y2 and d2 Shapes of participating orbitals are as shown, e.g. in SF6, sp3 d2 hybridization is involved.
