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Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure

Question
CBSEENCH11005710

What do you mean by: (i) Bond length  (ii) Bond enthalpy   (iii) Bond order?

Solution
(i) Bond length:  Bond length is defined as the equilibrium internuclear separation distance of the bonded atoms in a molecule. Each atom of the bonded pair contributes to the bond length. 

In the case of a covalent bond, the contribution from each atom is called covalent radius of that atom.
The bond length in a covalent molecule AB                    
  R = rA + rB
where R is the bond length; rAand rB are the covalent radii of atoms A and B respectively.
(ii) Bond enthalpy: The strength of a chemical bond is measured as the bond dissociation enthalpy. It is the enthalpy required to break a particular bond in one mole of a gaseous molecule. For example for a homonuclear diatomic molecule H2, we have,
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Similarly for a heteronuclear diatomic molecule HCl, we have,
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For molecules like O2 and N2 containing double and triple bonds:
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(iii) Bond Order: 
According to Lewis concept of a covalent bond, the bond order is given by the number of bonds between the two atoms in a molecule. For example,
Bond order in H2 (H – H) = 1
Bond order in O2 (O = O) = 2)
Bond order in N2 (N ≡ N) =3
Similarly, the bond order in CO (three shared electron pairs between C and O) is 3.
Isoelectronic molecules and ions have identical bond order; For example, F2 and O22–have bond order 1. N2, CO and NO+ have bond order 3.
It should be noted that with the increase in bond order, bond enthalpy increases and bond length decreases.