The earth is the home of mankind. It may be in different forms. All types of life supports are provided by nature. They directly depend on nature. Nature and humans are inseparable and should be seen as a single element. 
For eg:
-The concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire.
-Understanding the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.
-The laws of aerodynamics helps us to develop faster planes.

Two types of Subsistence Agriculture:
(i) Primitive Subsistence agriculture
(ii) Intensive Subsistence agriculture
(i) Primitive Subsistence agriculture:

• Also known as shifting agriculture, slash and burn.
• Also known by different names in different states and countries like Jhuming in North eastern states of India, Milpa in central America and Mexico and Ladang in Indonesia and Malaysia.
• Uses primitive tools for farming.
• Farm size are small.
• Vegetation is cleared by fire and ashes are added to the soil to increase it's fertility.

(ii) Intensive Subsistence agriculture:

• This type of agriculture is largely found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia.
• Farmers work with the help of family labour.
• Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population.
• Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour.
• Farm yard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil.

Population Density refers to the ratio between the number of people to the size of the land or the number of people inhabiting per unit of land.
Geographical factors influencing the distribution of population are:

1. Availability of water: It is the most important factor for life. So, people prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing and cooking – and also for cattle, crops, industries and navigation. It is because of this that river valleys are among the most densely populated areas of the world for eg: The Ganga plains are densely populated.
2. Landforms: People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes because such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport network and hence initially do not favour agricultural and industrial development. So, these areas tend to be less populated. For eg: The Ganga plains are among the most densely populated areas of the world while the mountains zones in the Himalayas are scarcely populated.
3. Climate: An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where there is not much seasonal variation attract more people. Areas with very heavy rainfall or extreme and harsh climates have low population. For eg: All mediterranean regions are inhabited from early periods due to their pleasant climate.
4.  Soils: Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore, areas which have fertile loamy soils have more people living on them as these can support intensive agriculture. For eg: Indo-gangetic plain in India are the most fertile lands for agruculture.

Large scale Industries choose different locations because these industries maximize profits by reducing costs. Therefore, industries choose to be located at points where production cost is lowest and benefits/profit is maximum.
Factors which influence the location of industries are:

1. Access to Market: Industries are located where there is a good market for the sale of their goods/products. The term ‘Market’ refers to an area where people who have a demand for goods and also have the ability to purchase, purchases goods from the sellers. The developed regions of Europe, North America, Japan and Australia provide large global markets as the purchasing power of the people is very high. The densely populated regions of South and South-east Asia also provide large markets. Other industries such as aircraft industries or arms industries also have a global market.
2. Access to Raw Material: Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport. Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing material (ores) are located close to the sources of raw material such as steel, sugar, and cement industries. Perishability is also a vital factor for the industry to be located closer to the source of the raw material therefore agro-processing and dairy products are located close to the raw material source like farms.
3. Access to Sources of Energy: Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the energy supply such as the aluminium industry. Earlier coal was the main source of energy, today hydroelectricity and petroleum are also important sources of energy for many industries.
4. Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities: Quick and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industries. The cost of transport is also an important factor in the location of industrial units. Western Europe and eastern North America have a highly developed transport system which has always induced the concentration of industries in these areas. Communication is also an important need for industries for the exchange and management of information.
5. Access to Labour Supply: Labour supply is an important factor in the location of industries. Some types of manufacturing industries still require skilled labour. Increasing mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial processes have reduced the dependence of industry upon the labours.

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