The energy required forming the intermediate called activated complex is known as activation energy. Activation energy = Threshold energy – Average energy of the reactants.

The phenomenon of reversal of the direction of osmosis by the application of a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure on the solution side is known as reverse osmosis. In this case, the pure solvent flows out of the solution through a semi-permeable membrane.

If the ore or the gangue can be attracted by the magnetic field, then the ore can be concentrated by the process of magnetic separation.

Lanthanoid contraction, also called lanthanide contraction, the steady decrease in the size of the atoms and ions of the rare earth elements with increasing atomic number from lanthanum (atomic number 57) through lutetium (atomic number 71).

In a simple cubic lattice, the particles are located only at the corners of the cube and touch each other along the edge.

In a simple cubic lattice, the particles are located only at the corners of the cube and touch each other along the edge.

Let the edge length of the cube be ‘a’ and the radius of each particle be r.

So, we can write:

a = 2r

Now, volume of the cubic unit cell = a³ = (2r)³ = 8r³

We know that the number of particles per unit cell is 1.

Therefore, volume of the occupied unit cell =