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Contemporary India Chapter 4 Agriculture

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    NCERT Solution For Class 10 Social Science Contemporary India

    Agriculture Here is the CBSE Social Science Chapter 4 for Class 10 students. Summary and detailed explanation of the lesson, including the definitions of difficult words. All of the exercises and questions and answers from the lesson's back end have been completed. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Agriculture Chapter 4 NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Agriculture Chapter 4 The following is a summary in Hindi and English for the academic year 2021-2022. You can save these solutions to your computer or use the Class 10 Social Science.

    Question 2
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    Which one of the following is a rabi crops?

    • Rice

    • Millets

    • Gram

    • Cotton
    Solution

    C.

    Gram

    Question 3
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    Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

    • Pulses

    • Millets

    • Jowar

    • Sesamum
    Solution

    A.

    Pulses

    Question 5
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    Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
    Solution

    The important beverage crop is Tea. 

    The geographical conditions required for growth of Tea: 

    (i)The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.

    (ii)Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.

    (iii)Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. 

    (iv)Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.

    Question 6
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    Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
    Solution

    Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.

    Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

    Question 7
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    Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

     
    Solution

    The various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers are mentioned below:

    (i)Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease. 

    (ii)Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.

    (iii)Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) schemes is introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.

    (iv)Moreover, special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers have been introduced on the radio and television.

    (v)The government had also announced minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

    Question 8
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    The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?
    Solution

    Consequences of reduction of agricultural land: 

    (i)India will turn in to food deficit from food surplus country.

    (ii)India will face shortage of raw material for its agriculture based industries.

    (iii)The poor farmers will become poorer and it will also lead to sharp rise in prices of the agricultural items.

    Question 9
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    Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
    Solution

    Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India has made concerted efforts to increase agricultural production.

    (i)Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc. are given priority for improving Indian agriculture.

    (ii)Food security policy has enabled the poor to have access to food. The focus of the policy is on growth in agriculture production and on fixing the support price for procurement of wheat and rice, to maintain their stocks. Food Corporation of India (FCI) is responsible for procuring and stocking foodgrains, whereas distribution is ensured by public distribution system (PDS). The FCI procures foodgrains from the farmers at the government announced minimum support price (MSP).

    (iii)The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) are some of the strategies initiated to increase agricultural production.

    Question 10
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    Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
    Solution
    Under globalisation, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges.

    (i)Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.

    (ii)Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at the crossroads. To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. The green revolution promised much. But today it’s under controversies. It is being alleged that it has caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity. 

    (iii)A few economists think that Indian farmers have a bleak future if they continue growing foodgrains on the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the population rises. Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. Because fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane. India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops.
    Question 11
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    Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
    Solution
    Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.

    It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.

    Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

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    Question 21
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    The third most important food crop of our country is

    • Rice

    • Wheat

    • Jowar

    • Ragi
    Solution

    C.

    Jowar

    Question 22
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    Which of the following is known as golden fibre?

    • Cotton

    • Jute

    • Hemp

    • Silk
    Solution

    B.

    Jute

    Question 27
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    The largest jowar producing state of India is

    • Uttar Pradesh

    • Maharashtra

    • Bihar

    • Haryana
    Solution

    B.

    Maharashtra

    Question 28
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    The crop which is used both as food and fodder is

    • Jowar

    • Bajra

    • Ragi

    • Maize
    Solution

    D.

    Maize

    Question 30
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    The largest producer of groundnut is

    • Gujarat

    • Maharashtra

    • kerela

    • Tamil Nadu
    Solution

    A.

    Gujarat

    Question 31
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    The variety of coffee grown in India is

    • Robusta

    • Kape Baraco

    • Arabica

    • Liberica
    Solution

    C.

    Arabica

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    Question 43
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    Which one of the following is a Kharif crop?

    • Wheat

    • Peas

    • Cotton

    • Cucumber
    Solution

    C.

    Cotton

    Question 44
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    What was the ‘Gramdan’?

    • Gifting of pulses

    • Distribution of villages

    • Donation

    • None of these
    Solution

    B.

    Distribution of villages

    Question 61
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    Which of the following crops is not a millet?

    • Jowar

    • Maize

    • Rabi

    • Bajra
    Solution

    B.

    Maize

    Question 62
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    Which one of the following is not a millet?

    • Jowar

    • Wheat

    • Ragi

    • Bajra
    Solution

    B.

    Wheat

    Question 63
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    Which one of the following is not a cropping season?

    • Winter

    • Kharif

    • Rabi

    • Zaid
    Solution

    A.

    Winter

    Question 64
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    Which one is an important rabi crop?

    • Paddy

    • Water Melon

    • Wheat

    • Maize
    Solution

    C.

    Wheat

    Question 69
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    Name any three Agro-based industries in India. 
    Solution

    The Agro-based industries in India are:

    (i)Tea
    (ii)Coffe
    (iii)Sugar

    Question 70
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    Mention the region in India where various form of slash and burn cultivation is practiced.
    Solution
    The various form of slash and burn cultivation practiced in India are:

    It is jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattishgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

    The slash and burn cultivation is also called ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya Pradesh, ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh, ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Odisha, ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in South-eastern Rajasthan, ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt, and  ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand.
    Question 71
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    Write in brief about production of Maize in India.
    Solution
    Production of Maize in India:

    (i)Maize is used both as food and fodder.

    (ii)It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in old alluvial soil.

    (iii)In some states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season also.

    (iv)Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of maize.

    (v)Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.
    Question 72
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    Differentiate between commercial agriculture and plantation agriculture.
    Solution

    Commercial Agriculture

    Plantation Agriculture

    1The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs.

    2. High yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides are used in order to obtain higher productivity.

    3. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.

    1. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.

    2. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

    3. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
    Question 73
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    Differentiate between Primitive subsistence farming and Intensive subsistence farming.
    Solution

    Primitive Subsistence farming

    Intensive Subsistence farming

    1. It is practised on small patches of land.

    2. Primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family or community labour are used.

    3. In this type of farming, farmers depend on the monsoons and natural fertility of the soil.

    4. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low.

    1. It is practised on bigger land holdings.

    2. Modern inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, etc., to obtain higher productivity are used.

    3. In intensive subsistence, irrigation facilities like tubewells and canal irrigation is used.

    4. Land productivity is high as it is meant for commercial purposes.
    Question 74
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    Distinguish between kharif crops and rabi crops.
    Solution

    Kharif Crop

    Rabi Crop

    1.Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October.

    2. Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

     

     

    1. Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.

    2. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

     
    Question 75
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    Differentiate between commercial agriculture and Prmitive subsistence farming.
    Solution

    Commercial Farming

    Primitive subsistence Farming

    1. The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs.

    2. High yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides are used in order to obtain higher productivity.

    3. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.

    1.Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.

    2. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

    3. It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family.
    Question 76
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    Differentiate between the tea and coffee.
    Solution

    Tea

    Coffee

    1. The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
    2. It is also an important beverage crop introduced in India initially by the British.

    1. Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality. The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country

    2. Intially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

     

     

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    M. Imp.

    Question 77
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    Which were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence.
    Solution

    Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence.

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    V. Imp.

    Question 78
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    Explain the importance of agriculture in India.
    Solution
    India is an agriculturally important country.

    (i)Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.

    (ii)Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume.

    (iii)Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries.
    Question 79
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    Explain any two features of Intensive subsistence farming in India.
    Solution
    Intensive Subsistence Farming:

    (i)This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

    (ii)It is labour intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.

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    Question 80
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    Name major fiber crops grown in India and the source from where its derived.
    Solution
    Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.

    The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of the silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.
    Question 81
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    Name two most important food crops of India and the region where its produced.
    Solution

    Two most important food crops of India are rice and wheat.

    Rice: Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

    Wheat: There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the northwest and black soil region of the Deccan. The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.

    Question 82
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    What is meant by sericulture?
    Solution

    Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

    Question 83
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    Name a crop which is a commercial as well as subsistence crop in India.
    Solution
    Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
    Question 84
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    Write a note on millets grown in India.
    Solution
    Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.

    (i)Though, these are known as coarse grains, they have very high nutritional value. For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage.

    (ii)Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation.

    (iii)Major Jowar producing States were Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

    (iv)Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Major Bajra producing States were: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.

    (v)Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. Major ragi producing states are: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.
    Question 85
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    Mention the significances of pulses in India.
    Solution
    India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.

    (i)These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet. Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram. 

    (ii)Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.

    (iii)Being leguminous crops, all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.

    (iv)Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.

    (v)Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
    Question 86
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    Explain the characteristics of jute grown in India.
    Solution
    Jute is known as the golden fibre.

    (i)Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.

    (ii)High temperature is required during the time of growth. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.

    (iii)It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts.  Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon.

    Tips: -

    Imp.

    Question 87
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    Who was declared as the spiritual heir of M. K. Gandhi?
    Solution
    Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir.

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    M. Imp.

    Question 88
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    Describe the objectives of India's food security policy.
    Solution

    India’s food security policy:

    (i)It has a primary objective to ensure availability of foodgrains to the common people at an affordable price.

    (ii)It has enabled the poor to have access to food.

    (iii)The focus of the policy is on growth in agriculture production and on fixing the support price for procurement of wheat and rice, to maintain their stocks.

    (iv)Food Corporation of India (FCI) is responsible for procuring and stocking foodgrains, whereas distribution is ensured by public distribution system (PDS).

    (v)The FCI procures foodgrains from the farmers at the government announced minimum support price (MSP).

    Question 89
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    Explain the types of farming system practised in India.
    Solution

    The types of farming system practised in India are:

    (i)Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of India. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

    (ii)Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land. It is labour intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.


    (iii)Commercial Farming: The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.

    Question 90
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    Suggest what Indian farmers can do to increase income without affecting environment.

    Solution
    Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. Because fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane. India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops.
    Question 91
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    Describe the factors responsible for the decline in the production of foodgrains in India.
    Solution

    The factors responsible for the decline in the production of foodgrains in India :

    (i)There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oilseeds. This has led to the reduction is net area under cereals and pulses.

    (ii)The competition for land between non-agricultural uses such as housing etc. has resulted in reduction in the net sown area.

    (iii)Fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides which once showed dramatic results, are now being held responsible for degrading the soils.

    (iv)Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in area under irrigation. Inefficient water management has led to water logging and salinity.

    (v)The unsustainable pumping has reduced water storage in aquifers. Consequently, many wells and tubewells have run dry. This has pushed the marginal and small farmers out of cultivation

    Question 92
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    Write the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of wheat. With the help of outline map of India, indicate the wheat growing areas/states.
    Solution

    Wheat: This rabi crop requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenlydistributed over the growing season.


    There are two important wheat-growing zones in the country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the northwest and black soil region of the Deccan. The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.

    Question 93
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    Mention the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane.  Show the main growing areas or regions of sugarcane in India.

     

     
    Solution

    Sugarcane: It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm. and 100cm. Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall. It can be grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.

    The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

    Question 94
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    Explain Rubber as the non-food crop in India.
    Solution
    Rubber as the non-food crop:

    (i)Rubber is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

    (ii)It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25°C. Rubber is an important industrial raw material.

    (iii)It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.

    Question 95
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    Describe the division of consumers in India and the difficulties associated with it.
    Solution

    The division of consumers in India and the difficulties associated with it:

    (i)The consumers in India are divided into two categories : below poverty line (BPL) and above poverty line (APL), with the issue price being different for each category.

    (ii)However, this categorisation is not perfect and a number of deserving poor have been excluded from the BPL category.

    (iii)Moreover, some of the so called APL slip back to BPL, because of the failure of even one crop and it is administratively difficult to accommodate such shifts.

    Question 96
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    Why despite increase in GDP growth rate sufficient employment opportunities is not generated in agriculture?
    Solution
    Though the GDP growth rate is increasing over the years, it is not generating sufficient employment opportunities in the country.

    (i)The growth rate in agriculture is decelerating which is an alarming situation. Today, Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition.

    (ii)At the same time our government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation.

    (iii)Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.

    (iv)Moreover, reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved detrimental to agriculture in the country.

    (v)Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in agriculture.
    Question 101
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    Coffee cultivation is an example of ___________ farming.
    Solution

    Plantation

    Question 102
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    ____________ crops are sown in winter from October to December.
    Solution

    Rabi

    Question 104
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    _______ is a beverage crop.
    Solution

    Tea

    Question 106
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    Crop

    Soil

    Climate

    Distribution .

    Rice

    –

    –

    Maize

    –

    –

    –

    Black soil

    –

    –

    –

    –

    –

    –

    Moist and humid rainfall >200 cm temperature >25 degree.

    –

    –

    Hills of Daijeeling, Tamil Nadu, Kerala

    –

    –

    Solution

    Crop

    Soil

    Climate

    Distribution

    1. Rice

    Alluvial soils with clayey subsoil.

    Temperature: High above 25°C; High humidity. Rainfall: Above 100 cm.

    Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab.

    2. Cotton

    Light, well drained Alluvial soil, Black cotton soil.

    Temperature: 21°C to 27°C, 210 frost free days. Rainfall: 50-80 cm.

    Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

    3. Coffee

    Loamy soil with humus on well drained hills. Red and laterite soil.

    Temperature: 18°C to 28°C.

    Rainfall: 125 to 200 cm.

    Hills of Daijeeling, Tamil nadu, Kerala.

    4. Maize

    Nitrogen-rich loamy soil.

    Temperature: 21°C to 27°C; cannot stand frost at any stage.

    Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm.

    Sunshine promotes growth.

    Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Punjab.

    5. Rubber

    Deep, alluvial soil with good drainage.

    Moist and humid rainfall.. Temperature: More than 25 degree.

    Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
    Question 107
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    Why is jute losing its market?
    Solution

    It is losing market to  due to its high cost. 

    Question 108
    CBSEENSS10018085
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    Why was the cotton textile industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years? Explain.
    Solution

    In the early years the cotton textile industry were concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharastra and Gujurat.
    The reasons: 

    (i) availability of raw cotton

    (ii) transport including accessible port facilities

    (iii) labour

    (iv) market

    (v) moist climate

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