Social And Political Life Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

Two Fundamental Rights are:

(i) Right to Equality

(ii) Right against Exploitation.

This law provides protection to Dalits and Adivasis against all form of exploitation and discrimination.

The Act guarantees Adivasis not to be dispossessed from their traditional homelands.
The land belonging to Adivasis cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has happened, the Constitution guarantees the right of tribal people to re-possess their land.

B.

Article 17

C.

He had no faith in this practice

D.

An activist

C.

1989

A.

Brahmans

laws

policies

the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act

subhuman health

Dalit

subsidised

Soyrabai was the wife of the wellknown Bhakti poet Chokhamela from fourteenth century Maharashtra.  She belonged to the Mahar caste.

Muslims and Parsis.

Our Constitution has ensured cultural justice to minority groups by granting them Cultural and Educational Rights.

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Government’s reservation policy reserves seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis.

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This means that not all Dalit and tribal candidates can qualify for admission, but only those who have done reasonably well and secured marks above the cut-off point.

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This is because Kabir’s poetry brings out the powerful idea of the equality of all human beings and their labour. 

Rathnam was a twenty years old engineering student who belonged to a Dalit Family.

Rathnam refused the ritual of washing the feet of priests with and then bathing in that water.

A Dalit young boy named Rathnam had dared to refuse to perform the traditional ritual.

Rathnam had filed a complaint under this Act to protest against the domination and violence of the powerful caste in his village.

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Manual scavenging refers to the practice of removing human and animal waste/excreta using brooms, tin plates and baskets from dry latrines and carrying it on the head to disposal grounds some distance away.

Safai Karamchari Andolan is an organization working with manual scavengers.

This law prohibits the employment of manual scavengers as well as the construction of dry latrines.

According to Kabir untouchability is the highest state of knowledge. It means not be touched by narrow limiting ideas.

Kabir’s poetry spoke about his love for the supreme being free of ritual and priests.
(i)It also expresses his sharp and pointed criticism of those he saw as powerful. Kabir attacked those who attempted to define individuals on the basis of their religious and caste identities.
(i)In his view every person had the ability to reach the highest level of spiritual salvation and deep knowledge within themselves through their own experience.
(iii)His poetry brings out the powerful idea of the equality of all human beings and their labour. He writes about valuing the work of the ordinary potter, the weaver and the woman carrying the water pot – labour that in his poetry becomes the basis of understanding the entire universe.

During this period, in parts of southern India, a number of assertive Dalit groups came into being and asserted their rights – they refused to perform their so-called caste duties and insisted on being treated equally; they refused to follow practices located in the humiliation and exploitation of Dalits.
This resulted in the more powerful castes unleashing violence against them. In order to indicate to the government that untouchability was still being practised and in the most hideous manner, Dalit groups demanded new laws that would list the various sorts of violence against dalits and prescribe stringent punishment for those who indulge in them.

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C.K. Janu is an Adivasi activist. 
She pointed out that one of the violators of Constitutional rights guaranteed to tribal people are governments in the various states of India – for it is they who allow non-tribal encroachers in the form of timber merchants, paper mills etc, to exploit tribal land, and to forcibly evict tribal people from their traditional forests in the process of declaring forests as reserved or as sanctuaries

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For example: the government provides for free or subsidised hostels for students of Dalit and Adivasi communities so that they can avail of education facilities that may not be available in their localities.

Yes, it violates his Fundamental Rights.

Other Dalit families had not come out in support Rathlam as they were scared that a similar fate might await them if they spoke out.

Two different provisions in the 1989 Act are:

(i) To occupy land that was taken from Dalits and Adivasis

(ii) No further forced displacement.

Two rights that the practice of manual scavenging violates are:

(i) Right to Equality

(ii) Right against exploitation.

The Safai Karamchari Andolan filed a PIL in 2003.
In their petition they complained that manual scavenging still existed and it continued in government undertakings like the railways. They sought enforcement of their Fundamental Rights.

The court observed that the number of manual scavengers in India had increased since the 1993 law.
It directed every department/ministry of the union government and state governments to verify the facts within six months. If manual scavenging was found to exist, then the government department has to actively take up a time-bound programme for their liberation and rehabilitation.