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Our Past Iii Part Ii Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters And Factory Owners

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    NCERT Solution For Class 8 Social Science Our Past Iii Part Ii

    Weavers, Iron Smelters And Factory Owners Here is the CBSE Social Science Chapter 7 for Class 8 students. Summary and detailed explanation of the lesson, including the definitions of difficult words. All of the exercises and questions and answers from the lesson's back end have been completed. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Weavers, Iron Smelters And Factory Owners Chapter 7 NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Weavers, Iron Smelters And Factory Owners Chapter 7 The following is a summary in Hindi and English for the academic year 2021-2022. You can save these solutions to your computer or use the Class 8 Social Science.

    Question 1
    CBSEENSS8006940
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    What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe?
    Solution

    The printed cotton cloth called Chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna had a large market in Europe.

    Question 2
    CBSEENSS8006941
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    What is jamdani?
    Solution

    Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white.

    Question 3
    CBSEENSS8006942
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    What is bandanna?
    Solution

    Bandanna is a brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying.

    Question 4
    CBSEENSS8006943
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    Who are the Agaria?
    Solution

    A group of men and women carrying basket-loads of iron are known as the Agaria.

    Question 5
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    The word chintz comes from the word __________.
    Solution

    chhint

    Question 6
    CBSEENSS8006945
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    Tipu’s sword was made of _________ steel.
    Solution

    Wootz

    Question 7
    CBSEENSS8006946
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    India’s textile exports declined in the ____ century.
    Solution

    19th

    Question 8
    CBSEENSS8006947
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    How do the names of different textiles tell us about their history?
    Solution
    European traders first saw fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq. Hence, they began to refer to all finally woven textiles as muslino.

    When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in south-west India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe came to be known as calico, which is derived from Calicut.

    Printed cotton cloths called chintz, cossaes or khassa and bandanna were also in great demand. The chintz is derived from the Hindi word chhint, a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs. The word bandanna is referred to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ (Hindi for tying) and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying.
    Question 9
    CBSEENSS8006948
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    Why did the wool and silk producers in England protest against the import of Indian textiles in the early eighteenth century?
    Solution

    Textile industry had just begun to develop in England in the early 18th century. The wool and silk producers in England found themselves unable to compete with Indian textiles. They wanted to secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles.

    So they protested against its import.

    Question 10
    CBSEENSS8006949
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    How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India?
    Solution
    The development of cotton industries in Britain affected textile producers in India in several ways:

    (i)Indian textiles now had to compete with British textiles in the European and American markets.

    (ii)Exporting textiles to England became increasingly difficult since very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain.

    (iii)English made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets in Africa, America and Europe. English made Thousands of weavers in India became unemployed. Bengal weavers were the worst hit.

    (iv) By the 1830s British cotton cloth flooded Indian markets. This affected not only specialist weavers but also spinners.
    Question 11
    CBSEENSS8006950
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    Why did the Indian iron smelting industry decline in the nineteenth century?
    Solution

    The Indian iron smelting industry had declined in the nineteenth century for the following reasons:

    (i) The new forest laws of the colonial government prevented people from entering the reserved forests. Now it became difficult for the iron smelters to find wood for charcoal. Getting iron ore was also a big problem. Hence, many gave up their craft and looked for other jobs.

    (ii) In some areas the government did grant access to the forest. But the iron smelters had to pay a very high tax to the forest department for every furnace they used. This reduced their income.

    (iii) By the late 19th century iron and steel was being imported from Britain. Ironsmiths in India began using the imported iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters.
     
    Question 12
    CBSEENSS8006951
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    What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development?
    Solution
    In the early years of its development the Indian textile industry had faced folowing problems:

    (i)It found it difficult to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain.

    (ii)In most countries, governments supported industrialisation by imposing heavy duties on imports. This eliminated competition and protected infant industries. The colonial government in India refused such protection to local industries.


    Question 13
    CBSEENSS8006952
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    What helped TISCO expand steel production during the First World War?
    Solution
    By the time TISCO was set up the situation was
    changing. When in 1914 the war broke out, steel produced in Britain now had to meet the demands of war in Europe. So imports of British steel into India declined and the Indian Railways turned to TISCO for supply of rails. As the war dragged on for several years, TISCO had to produce shells and carriage wheels for the war. By 1919 the colonial government was buying 90% of the steel manufactured by TISCO. Over time TISCO became the biggest steel industry within the British empire.

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    Question 18
    CBSEENSS8006957
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    Wootz steel was produced all over

    • South India

    • North India

    • Central India

    • North-east India
    Solution

    A.

    South India

    Question 23
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    Indian Wootz steel fascinated ___________ scientists.
    Solution

    European

    Question 29
    CBSEENSS8006968
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    Men were usually involved in the work of spinning.
    Solution
    A. FALSE
    Question 32
    CBSEENSS8006971
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    Match the following options:

    A. Mulmul (i) Printed cotton textiles
    B. Chintz (ii) Weaving communities
    C. Patola (iii) Dacca
    D. Tanti, julahas, devangs (iv) Block printers
    E. Chhipigars (v) Surat, Ahmedabad and Patan

    Solution

    A.

    Mulmul

    (i)

    Dacca

    B.

    Chintz

    (ii)

    Printed cotton textiles

    C.

    Patola

    (iii)

    Surat, Ahmedabad and Patan

    D.

    Tanti, julahas, devangs

    (iv)

    Weaving communities

    E.

    Chhipigars

    (v)

    Block printers

    Question 33
    CBSEENSS8006972
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    Why were Indian textiles renowned all over the world.
    Solution

    Their Fine quality and beautiful craftsmanship made them renowned all over the world.

    Question 34
    CBSEENSS8006973
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    Why there was craze for printed Indian cotton textiles in England and Europe?
    Solution

    There was craze for printed Indian cotton textiles in England and Europe for their exquisite floral designs, fine texture and relative cheapness.

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    V. Imp.

    Question 35
    CBSEENSS8006974
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    During which period patola weaving was famous?
    Solution

    Patola was famous during the mid-19th century.

    Question 36
    CBSEENSS8006975
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    Calico is derived from_______.
    Solution

    Calicut.

    Question 37
    CBSEENSS8006976
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    Write the most important centres of jamdani weaving.
    Solution

    The most important centres are: Dacca in Bengal and Lucknow in the United Pradesh 

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    Question 38
    CBSEENSS8006977
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    Name the places where chintz was produced during the mid-19th century.
    Solution

    Masulipatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

    Question 39
    CBSEENSS8006978
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    How did the European trading companies purchase cotton and silk textiles in India?
    Solution

    European trading companies purchased cotton and silk textiles in India by importing silver.

    Tips: -

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    Question 40
    CBSEENSS8006979
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    Name the household spinning instrument.
    Solution

    Charkha and takli.

    Question 41
    CBSEENSS8006980
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    What had Mahatma Gandhi urged people during the national movement?
    Solution

    During the national movement Mahatma Gandhi urged people to boycott imported textiles and use hand-spun and hand-woven cloth.

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    V. Imp.

    Question 42
    CBSEENSS8006981
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    What had become a symbol of nationalism?
    Solution

    Khadi had become a symbol of nationalism.

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    V. Imp.

    Question 43
    CBSEENSS8006982
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    How had the  growth of cotton mills in the country proven a boon for the people?
    Solution

    They had got work in the mills.

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    V. Imp.

    Question 44
    CBSEENSS8006983
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    Why were Indian cotton factories called upon during the First World War?
    Solution

    Indian cotton factories called upon during the First World War to produce cloth for military supplies.

    Tips: -

    V. Imp.

    Question 45
    CBSEENSS8006984
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    Why was Tipu’s sword so special?
    Solution

    The sword had an incredibly hard and sharp edge that could easily rip through the opponent’s armour. This quality of the sword came from a special type of high carbon steel called Wootz which was produced all over south India. Wootz steel when made into swords produced a very sharp edge with a flowing water pattern. This pattern came from very small carbon crystals embedded in the iron.

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    Question 46
    CBSEENSS8006985
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    Why was the Wootz steel making process completely lost by the mid-19th century?
    Solution
    The reasons are mentioned below:

    (a)The sword and armour making industry died with the conquest of India by the British.

    (b)Imports of iron and steel from England displaced the iron and steel produced by craftsmen in India.
    Question 47
    CBSEENSS8006986
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    What were the furnaces built of?
    Solution

    The furnaces were built of clay and Sun-dried bricks.

    Question 48
    CBSEENSS8006987
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    Why were bellows used?
    Solution

    Bellows were used for pumping air that kept the charcoal burning.

    Question 49
    CBSEENSS8006988
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    What were piece goods?
    Solution

    Piece goods were usually woven cloth pieces that were 20 yards long and 1 yard wide.

    Question 50
    CBSEENSS8006989
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    Mention the importance of Indian textiles in the world market.
    Solution

    India was the largest producer of cotton textiles in the world before the British conquered Bengal around 1750. Indian textiles had long been renowned both for their fine quality and exquisite craftsmanship. They were extensively traded in Southeast Asia (Java, Sumatra and Penang) and West and Central Asia. From the 16th century European trading companies began buying Indian textiles for sale in Europe.

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    Question 51
    CBSEENSS8006990
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    State the importance spinning jenny and steam engine.
    Solution

    In 1764, the spinning jenny was invented by John Kaye which increased the productivity of the traditional spindles. 

    The invention of the steam engine by Richard Arkwright in 1786 revolutionised cotton textile weaving. Cloth could now be woven in immense quantities and cheaply too

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    V. Imp.

    Question 52
    CBSEENSS8006991
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    Descriobe the regions where textile production was concentrated in the early 19th century.
    Solution
    Textile production was concentrated in the following four regions in the early 19th century:

    (i)Bengal was one of the most important centres. Located along the numerous rivers in the delta, the production centres in Bengal could easily transport goods to distant places.

    (ii)Dacca in Eastern Bengal, present-day Bangladesh, was the foremost textile centre in the 18th century. It was famous for its mulmul and jamdani weaving.

    (iii)Textile production was concentrated along the Coromandal coast stretching from Madras to nothern Andhra Pradesh.

    (iv)On the western coast there were important weaving centres in Gujarat.
    Question 53
    CBSEENSS8006992
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    Who were the weavers? Mention the name of the communities famous for weaving.
    Solution
    Weavers often belonged to communities that specialised in weaving. Their skills were passed on from one generation to the next.

    The communities famous for weaving includes:

    (i) The Tanti weavers of Bengal.

    (ii) The Julahas or Momin weavers of north India.

    (iii) Sale and Kaikollar and Devangs of South India.
    Question 54
    CBSEENSS8006993
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    Explain the process of cloth making.
    Solution

    The process of cloth making is explained below:

    (i)The first stage of production was spinning - work done mostly by women. The charkha and the takli were household spinning instruments.

    (ii)The thread was spun on the charkha and rolled on the takli. When the spinning was over the thread was woven into cloth by the weaver.

    (iii)In most communities weaving was a task done by men. For coloured textiles, the thread was dyed by the dyer, called rangrez. For painted cloth the weavers needed the help of specialist block printers called chhipigars.

    Question 55
    CBSEENSS8006994
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    'Handloom production did not completely die in India'. Discuss with an example.
    Solution
    This was because some types of cloths could not be supplied by machines.

    For examples of saris with intricate borders and cloths with traditional woven patterns. Machines could not produce them. These had a wide demand not only amongst the rich but also amongst the middle classes. Moreover, the textile manufacturers in Britain could not produce the very coarse cloths used by the poor people in India.

    In the late 19th century, Sholapur and Madura grew as important new centres of weaving. During the national movement, Gandhiji urged people to use hand-spun and handwoven cloth Khadi which gradually became a symbol of nationalism.

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    Question 56
    CBSEENSS8006995
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    Write a short description on the growth of cotton mills in India.
    Solution
    The first cotton mill in India was set up as a spinning mill in Bombay in 1854. By 1900, over 84 mills started operating in Bombay. Many of these were established by Parsi and Gujarati businessmen who had made their money through trade with China.

    Mills were set up in other cities too. The first mill in Ahmedabad was started in 1861. A year later a mill was established in Kan pur, in the United Provinces. Growth of cotton mills led to a demand for labour. As a result, thousands of poor peasants, artisans and agricultural labourers moved to cities to work in the mills.
    Question 57
    CBSEENSS8006996
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    Write a brief note on each of the following:

    (i) Patola weave

    (ii) Jamdani weave

    (iii) Chintz
    Solution
    (i)Patola weave: Patola weave came into existence in the mid-19th century. It was woven in Surat, Ahmedabad and Patan. It was highly valued in Indonesia. It became a part of the local weaving tradition there.

    (ii)Jamdani weave: Jamdani weave flourished in the early 20th century. Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often a mixture of cotton and gold thread was used. The most important centres of jamdani weaving were Dacca in Bengal and Lucknow in the United Provinces.

    (iii)Chintz: The term chintz is derived from the Hindi word chhint, a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs. It was produced in Masulipatnam and Andhra Pradesh in the mid-19th century. It was in great demand in England and Europe.
    Question 58
    CBSEENSS8006997
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    How did Tata Iron and Steel company come up in India?
    Solution
    Jamsetji Tata had decided to spend a large part of his fortune to build a big iron and steel industry in India. But this could not be done without identifying the sources of fine quality iron ore. For this reason his son, Dorabji Tata along with Charles Weld, an American geologist, began travelling in Chhattisgarh in search of iron ore deposits. It was the year 1904.

    One day, after travelling for many hours in the forests, Weld and Dorabji came upon a small village where they met the Agarias, who were carrying basket loads of iron ore. When asked where they had found the iron ore, the Agarias pointed to hill in the distance, Weld and Dorabji rushed to the hill. On exploring the hill the geologist declared that they had at last found what they had been looking for.

    But there was a problem. The region was dry and the Tatas had to search for a more suitable place to set up their factory. A few years later a large area of forest was cleared on the banks of the river Subarnarekha to set up the factory and an industrial township, i.e. Jamshedpur. Here, there was water near iron ore deposits. The Tata Iron and Steel Company, popularly known as TISCO began producing steel in 1912.

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    Question 61
    CBSEENSS8007000
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    Observe the pictures and answer the questions that follow:

    Questions:
    (i) What is it? What design does it carry?

    (ii) Mention one features of it.

    (iii) Name the two states where these designs were mostly produced.
    Solution

    (i) It is an odhni. It carries bandanna design.
    (ii)In this odhni, two tie-and-dye silk pieces are seamed together with gold thread embroidery.
    (iii) Rajasthan and Gujarat.

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