Our Past Iii Part Ii Chapter 11 The Making Of The National Movement: 1870s

The Indian National Congress wished to speak for the entire people belonging to different sections and societies of India.

The Muslim League resolution of 1940 asked for ‘Independent States’ for Muslims in the north-western and eastern areas of the country. The resolution did not mention partition or the name Pakistan.

The leaders of Congress in the first twenty years were termed as moderate.

The Radicals within the Congress criticised the Moderates for their ‘politics of prayers’ and gave emphasis on self-reliance and constructive work.

According to salt law, the state had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt. Mahatma Gandhi along with other nationalists reasoned that it was sinful to tax salt since it is such an essential item of our food.

B.

Dadabhai Naoroji

A.

Balgangadhar Tilak

D.

Balgangadhar Tilak

B.

Rabindranath Tagore

A.

Sarojini Naidu

C.

C. Rajagopalachari

72

Bombay

extreme

landlords

nawabs

fundamental

police

Non-Cooperation

Jawaharlal Nehru

1942

The literal meaning of sarvajanik is ‘of or for all the people’. It is composed of two words – sarva = all + janik = of the people.

A.O. Hume was a retired British official. He played as a part in bringing indians from the various regions together.

In 1905 Viceroy Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

In deltaic Andhra the Swadeshi Movement was known as the Vandemataram Movement.

Bipin Chandra Pal, Balgangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Mahatama Gandhi had established the Natal Congress in South Africa. He did so in order to fight against racial discrimination in South Africa.

They were: Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.

Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood to express the pain and anger of the country with regard to the Jallianwala Bagh atrocities inflicted by General Dyer in Amritsar onn Baishakhi day.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

The leaders of the Khilafat agitation were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.

Punjab wrongs also mean Jallianwalla Bagh massarcre, inflicted by General Dyer in Amritsar on Baishakhi day.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Chitta Ranjan Das was a lawyer from East Bengal. He was active in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

RSS stands for Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Bhagat Singh was a revolutionary nationalist. He had founded Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

Tips: -

V. Imp.

HSRA stands for Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

The Congress leaders demanded that India should be declared independence after the Second World war.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

The British refused to concede the demand.

Mahatma Gandhi.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Muslim League had announced on 16 August, 1946 as ‘Direct Action Day’ in support of its demand for Pakistan.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Congress in its early years were moderate in its objectives and methods. Its demands made are stated below:

Tips: -

V. Imp.

The British hidden motives were to curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and to split the Bengali people.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

The consequences:

(i)The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India. All sections of the Congress– the Moderates and the Radicals, as they may be called – opposed it.

(ii)Large public meetings and demonstrations were organised and novel methods of mass protest developed. 

(iii)The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the Swadeshi movement, strongest in Bengal but with echoes elsewhere too – in deltaic Andhra for instance, it was known as the Vandematar

Tips: -

V. Imp.

The khilafat agitation:

(i)In the year 1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan, known as Khalifa. It enraged people. Indian Muslims wanted that the Khalifa be allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman empire.

(ii)The leaders of the Khilafat agitation Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now wished to start a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement.

(iii)They got support from Mahatma Gandhi who urged the Congress to campaign against ‘Punjab wrongs’, the Khilafat wrong and demand swaraj.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

The British government in England sent a Commission headed by Lord Simon in the year 1927 to decide India’s political future. As the Commission had no Indian representative, it was boycotted by all political groups. 

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Ambabai came from Karnataka. She had been married at age twelve and was widowed at sixteen. Afterwards she began participating in the Indian freedom struggle. She picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops in Udipi. She was arrested, served a sentence and was rearrested. Between prison terms she made powerful speeches, taught spinning and organised prabhat pheris.

Azad was born in Mecca to a Bengali father and an Arab mother. Well-versed in many languages, Azad was a scholar of Islam and an exponent of the notion of wahadat-i-deen, the essential oneness of all religions. An active participant in Gandhian movements and a staunch advocate of Hindu- Muslim unity, he was opposed to Jinnah’s two-nation theory.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the Pashtun leader from the North-West Frontier Province. He was popularly known as Badshah Khan. He founded the Khudai Khidmatgars, which was a powerful non-violent movement among the Pattans of his province. He was a staunch supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity and was strongly opposed to the partition of India. He criticised his Congress colleagues for agreeing to the division of India in 1947.

The Rowlatt Act was passed to curb fundamental rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers.

Mahatma Gandhi felt that the government had no right to restrict the basic freedoms of people. He criticised the Act as devilish and tyrannical.

Tips: -

Imp.

Tips: -

V. Imp.

Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a new phase of
movement against the British in the middle of the
Second World War.

(iii)He wrote in the letter that if people like Pherozeshah and Telang remained busy in making wealth, then how would the countiy achieve its independence?

(i) He is Dadabhai Naoroji.
(ii)He had written a book named Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
(iii)The book offered a scathing criticism of the economic impact of British rule.

(i)Lala Lajpat Rai.
(ii)He belonged to Punjab.
(iii)He was one of the leading members of the Radical group. He criticised the moderates for their politics of petitions and was also an active member of the Arya Samaj.

(i) In the image Mahatma Gandhi has been shown as a divine being occupying a place within the pantheon of Indian gods. Here he is driving Krishna’s chariot, guiding other nationalist leaders in the battle against the British.
(ii) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru is holding the tricolour.