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Our Past Iii Part I Chapter 2 From Trade To Territory - The Company Establishes Power

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    NCERT Solution For Class 8 Social Science Our Past Iii Part I

    From Trade To Territory - The Company Establishes Power Here is the CBSE Social Science Chapter 2 for Class 8 students. Summary and detailed explanation of the lesson, including the definitions of difficult words. All of the exercises and questions and answers from the lesson's back end have been completed. NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science From Trade To Territory - The Company Establishes Power Chapter 2 NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science From Trade To Territory - The Company Establishes Power Chapter 2 The following is a summary in Hindi and English for the academic year 2021-2022. You can save these solutions to your computer or use the Class 8 Social Science.

    Question 1
    CBSEENSS8006699
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    Match the following options:

    A. Diwani (i) criminal court
    B. "Tiger of Mysore" (ii) right to collect land revenue
    C. faujdari adalat (iii) Tipu Sultan
    D. Rani Channamma (iv) Sepoy
    E. Sipah (v) led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

    Solution

    A.

    Diwani

    (i)

    right to collect land revenue

    B.

    "Tiger of Mysore"

    (ii)

    Tipu Sultan

    C.

    faujdari adalat

    (iii)

    criminal court

    D.

    Rani Channamma

    (iv)

    led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

    E.

    Sipah

    (v)

    Sepoy

    Question 3
    CBSEENSS8006701
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    Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of _____________.
    Solution

    Mysore

    Question 4
    CBSEENSS8006702
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    Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of _________.
    Solution

    Lapse

    Question 5
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    Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the ___________ part of India.
    Solution

    South-Western

    Question 6
    CBSEENSS8006704
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    The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
    Solution
    A. FALSE
    Question 8
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    Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
    Solution
    A. TRUE
    Question 10
    CBSEENSS8006708
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    What attracted European trading companies to India?
    Solution

    European trading companies were attracted to India for following:

    (a) The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had huge market in Europe.

    (b) Indian spices such as pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in great demand.

    Question 11
    CBSEENSS8006709
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    What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company?
    Solution
    The areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company are mentioned below:

    (i)The Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy and refused to grant the company concessions.

    (ii)They demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade.

    (iii)They denied the Company any right to mint coins and stopped the Company from extending its fortifications.

    (iv) Accusing the Company of deceit, they claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials.

    (v)The Company on its part declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company, and trade could flourish only if the duties were removed.
    Question 12
    CBSEENSS8006710
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    How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?
    Solution

    The Mughal emperor, in 1765, appointed the Company as the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal.

    (i)The Diwani allowed the Company to exploit the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

    (ii)This solved a major problem that the company had earlier faced.

    (iii)Although its trade had expanded, it had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain.

    (iv)The overflow of gold from Britain stopped after the assumption of Diwani. Now revenue from India could finance Company expenses.

    (v)These revenues they used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

    Question 13
    CBSEENSS8006711
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    Explain the system of 'subsidiary alliance'.
    Solution

    Under the system of 'subsidiary alliance'-

    (i)Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces.

    (ii)They were to be protected by the Company, but had to pay for the 'subsidiary forces' that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection.

    (iii)If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment, the part of their territory was taken away as penalty.

    The states which had to lose their territories on this ground were Awadh and Hyderabad.

    Question 14
    CBSEENSS8006712
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    In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?
    Solution
    The administration of the Company was different from that of the Indian rulers in the following ways:

    (i) British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies: Bengal, Madras and Bombay.

    (ii)Each was ruled by a Governor. The supreme head of the administration was the Governor-General.

    (iii)A new system of justice was established. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court (diwani adalat). Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts.

    (iv)The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.

    (v)The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector. As the title suggests, his main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges, police officers and darogas.



     

    Question 15
    CBSEENSS8006713
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    Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.
    Solution
    The changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army are described below:

    (i) The Company began recruitment for its own army, which came to be known as the sepoy army.

    (ii) As the warfare technology changed from the 1820s, the cavalry recuritments of the Company’s army declined.

    (iii) The soldiers of the Company's army had to keep pace with changing military requirements and its infantry regiments now became more important.

    (iv) In the early 19th century the Birtish began to develop a uniform military culture.

    (v)Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European style training, drill and discipline that regulated their life for more than before.
    Question 16
    CBSEENSS8006714
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    Which one was not a trading company?

    • The Portuguese

    • The Dutch

    • The French

    • The Japanese
    Solution

    D.

    The Japanese

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    Question 28
    CBSEENSS8006726
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    The Company took over Awadh in the year .......... .
    Solution

    1856

    Question 29
    CBSEENSS8006727
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    The principal figure in an Indian district was the ............. .
    Solution

    Collector

    Question 31
    CBSEENSS8006729
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    The Maratha power was crushed in the third Anglo-Maratha war.
    Solution
    A. TRUE
    Question 37
    CBSEENSS8006735
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    Match the following options:

    A. Trained soldiers on horseback (i) Diwani adalat
    B. Training in archery (ii) Sawars
    C.  A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers (iii) Seringapatam
    D. Civil court (iv) Teer andazi
    E. Tipu Sultan (v) Portuguese explorer
    F. Vasco da Gama (vi) Musket

    Solution

    A.

    Trained soldiers on horseback

    (i)

    Sawars

    B.

    Training in archery

    (ii)

    Teer andazi

    C.

     A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers

    (iii)

    Musket

    D.

    Civil court

    (iv)

    Diwani adalat

    E.

    Tipu Sultan

    (v)

    Seringapatam

    F.

    Vasco da Gama

    (vi)

    Portuguese explorer

    Question 38
    CBSEENSS8006736
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    Who was the ruler of England in 1600?
    Solution

    Queen Elizabeth I was the ruler of England in 1600.

    Question 39
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    What had caused enormoss loss of revenue for Bengal?
    Solution

    Aurangzeb’s farman had granted the Company only the right to trade duty free.

    But officials of the Company, who were carrying on private trade on the side, were expected to pay duty. This they refused to pay, causing an enormous loss of revenue for Bengal

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    Question 40
    CBSEENSS8006738
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    Why were the Company keen on puppet ruler?
    Solution

    A puppet ruler would willingly give it trade concessions and other privileges.

    Question 41
    CBSEENSS8006739
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    What was one of the main reason for the defeat of Sirajuddaulah at Plassey?
    Solution

    One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the battle.

    Question 42
    CBSEENSS8006740
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    Why did the Battle of Plassey become famous?
    Solution

    The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory the Company won in India.

    Question 43
    CBSEENSS8006741
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    Who was replaced with Mir Jafar by the company?
    Solution

    Mir Qasim was replaced with Mir Jafar by the company.

    Question 44
    CBSEENSS8006742
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    Define Mercantile. 
    Solution

    Mercantile is a business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices.

    Question 45
    CBSEENSS8006743
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    Who were called ‘nabobs’?
    Solution

    Those Company officials who managed to return with wealth led flashy lives and flaunted their riches. They were called “nabobs” – an anglicised version of the Indian word nawab. They were often seen as upstarts and social climbers in British society and were ridiculed or made fun of in plays and cartoons.

    Question 46
    CBSEENSS8006744
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    Who were the Residents?
    Solution

    The Residents were the political or commercial agents and their job was to serve and further the interests of the Company.

    Question 47
    CBSEENSS8006745
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    How did the Company use the residents ?
    Solution

    Through the residents, the Company officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian states.

    Question 48
    CBSEENSS8006746
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    Under whose leadership Mysore had grown in strength?
    Solution

    Mysore had grown in strength under the leadership of powerful rulers like Haidar Ali  and his famous son Tipu Sultan.

    Question 49
    CBSEENSS8006747
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    Why did Tipu Sultan establish a close relationship with the French in India?
    Solution

    He did so in order to modernise his army with their help.

    Question 50
    CBSEENSS8006748
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    Mention the importance of Battle of Seringapatam.
    Solution
    Only in the Battle of Seringapatam, the Company ultimately won a victory. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam, Mysore was placed under the former ruling dynasty of the Wodeyars and a subsidiary alliance was imposed on the state.




     
    Question 51
    CBSEENSS8006749
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    What do you know about second Anglo-Maratha war?
    Solution

    The Second AngloMaratha War (1803-05) was fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

    Question 52
    CBSEENSS8006750
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    Who initiated the policy of ‘paramountcy’? What did the company claim?
    Solution

    Lord Hastings, the Governor-General from 1813 to 1823 initiated the policy of “paramountcy”.

    The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states.

    Question 53
    CBSEENSS8006751
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    Write a note on  Rani Channamma.
    Solution

    Rani Channamma had challenged the policy of “paramountcy” . For example, when the British tried to annex the small state of Kitoor (in Karnataka today), Rani Channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement. She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829.

    Question 54
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    Who devised  the  policy 'Doctrine of Lapse'? What was it?
    Solution

    Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor-General from 1848 to 1856 had devised the policy of Doctrine of Lapse.

    The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become part of Company territory.

    Question 55
    CBSEENSS8006753
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    Name the Kingdom which were annexed on the basis of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
    Solution

    The Kingdom which were annexed on the basis of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.

    Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur and Jhansi.

    Question 56
    CBSEENSS8006754
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    How were the Mughal army composed?
    Solution

    The Mughal army was mainly composed of cavalry (sawars: trained soldiers on horseback) and infantry, that is, paidal (foot) soldiers.

    They were given training in archery (teer-andazi) and the use of the sword. The cavalry dominated the army and the Mughal state did not feel the need to have a large professionally trained infantry. The rural areas had a large number of armed peasants and the local zamindars often supplied the Mughals with paidal soldiers

    Question 57
    CBSEENSS8006755
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    What had happened to Warren Hastings when he did go to England?
    Solution

    When Warren Hastings went back to England in 1785, Edmund Burke accused him of being personally responsible for the misgovernment of Bengal. This led to an impeachment proceeding in the British Parliament that lasted seven years.

    Question 58
    CBSEENSS8006756
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    What is meant by impeachment?
    Solution

    A trial by the House of Lords in England for charges of misconduct brought against a person in the House of Commons.

    Question 59
    CBSEENSS8006757
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    Describe the different European powers entering the Eastern markets.
    Solution
    Different European powers were:

    (i)The Portuguse: By the time the first English ships sailed down the West-coast of Africa, round the Cape of Good Hope, and crossed the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese had already established their presence in the western coast of India and had their base in Goa.

    (ii)The Dutch: By the early 17th century, the Dutch too were exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian ocean.

    (iii)The French: The French traders soon arrived on the scene for the same purpose.
    Question 60
    CBSEENSS8006758
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    What were the reasons that the Company gave which had led to the battle?
    Solution

    The Company declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company. Trade could flourish only if the duties were removed. It was also convinced that to expand trade it had to enlarge its settlements, buy up villages and rebuild its forts.

    Question 61
    CBSEENSS8006759
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    Write a brief note on Tipu Sultan—The ‘Tiger of Mysore’.
    Solution
    Tipu Sultan was the famous ruler of Mysore who ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799. Under his leadership Mysore had grown in strenght.

    It controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom. In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of these items through the ports of his kingdom, and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company. He also developed relationship with the French in India to modernise his army with their help.

    The British got furious and waged four battles against Tipu Sultan. Only in the last – the Battle of Seringapatam – did the Company ultimately win a victory. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.
    Question 62
    CBSEENSS8006760
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    How were the Marathas subdued in a series of wars? Explain.
    Solution
    The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars:

    (i)In the first war that ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai, there was no clear victor.

    (ii)The Second AngloMaratha War (1803-05) was fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

    (iii)Finally, the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power. The Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur with a pension.

    The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.
    Question 63
    CBSEENSS8006761
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    Describe the new system of justice that was established from 1772.
    Solution

    From 1772 a new system of justice was established.

    (i)Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court (diwani adalat).

    (ii)Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts.

    (iii)The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.

    (iv)To bring about uniformity, in 1775 eleven pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws. By 1778 a code of Muslim laws was also compiled for the benefit of European judges.

    (v)Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was established, while a court of appeal – the Sadar Nizamat Adalat – was also set up at Calcutta.

    Question 64
    CBSEENSS8006762
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    What did Nawab Sirajuddaulah do after negotiations failed with the company?
    Solution
    After negotiations failed, the Nawab Sirajuddaulah marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kassimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships.

    Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there
    Question 65
    CBSEENSS8006763
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    How did the East India Company begin trade in Bengal?
    Solution
    The East India Company set up first English factory on the banks of the river Hugli in the year 1651.

    (i)This was the base from which the company’s traders, known at that time as ‘factors’, operated. The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored and it had offices where Company officials set.

    (ii)As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the factory. By 1696 the Company began to build a fort around the settlement.

    (iii)Two years later it bribed Mughal officials into giving the Company zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata which later developed into a city, known as Calcutta.


    (iv)The Company also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free. The Company tried continuously to press for more concessions and manipulate existing privileges.

    (v)For instance, Aurangzeb’s farman had granted only the Company the right to trade duty free. But Company officials who were carrying on private trade on the side, were expected to pay duty. But they refused to pay. This caused huge loss of revenue for Bengal.

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