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| A. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) | (i) Giving up certain types of weapons. |
| B. Arms Control | (ii) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations on a regular basis. |
| C. Alliance | (iii) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks. |
| D. Disarmament | (iv) Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. |
A. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) | (i) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations on a regular basis. |
B. Arms Control | (ii) Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. |
C. Alliance | (iii) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks. |
D. Disarmament | (iv) Giving up certain types of weapons. |
(a) The spread of chikungunya / dengue fever.
(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.
(c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region.
(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.
(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country.
(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation :Non-traditional security concern
(c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for the region: Not a threat (internal matter)
(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region: Not a threat
(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country: Not a threat.
On the other hand the non-traditional security consists of dangers such as terrorism, human rights, global poverty and health epidemics.
The creation and sustenance of alliances belong to the category of traditional security.
(i) The Third World countries face the threats not only from outside their borders, mostly from neighbours, but also from within. They quarrelled over borders and territories or control over people and populations or all of these simultaneously. On the other hand, most of the First World countries, particularly the powerful Western European countries, faced no serious threats from groups or communities living within those borders. These countries faced threats only from outside their borders.
(ii) New states of the Third World face threats from separatist movements which wanted to form an independent country. Sometimes external and internal threats mearged. A neighbour might help or instigate an internal seperatist movement leading to tensions between the two neighbouring countries.
(ii) To prevent the other side from attacking by promising to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable level; and
(iii) To defend itself when war actually breaks out so as to deny the attacking country its objectives and to turn back or defeat the attacking forces altogether.
NATO is perfect example of functioning military alliance. Its objectives to act as protector of its members.
(i) India's first component was strengthening its military capabilities because it has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours–Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and China in 1962.
(ii) India is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in the south Asia region.India's decision to conduct nuclear test in 1998 was justified in terms of safeguarding national security.
(iii) India has tried to strengthen the international norms and international institutions to proctect its security interest.
(iv) It supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation, disarmament and UN as a forum in which international conflicts could be settled.
(v) India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non-discriminatory non-proliferation regime.
However, India has paid attention to non-traditional security too. It has favoured an equitable New International Economic Order. It ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol regarding reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. India has tried to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic politival system. Indian troops have been sent abroad on UN peacekeeping mission in support of cooperative security initiatives.
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(i)Deterrence
(ii)Defence
(iii)Balance of Power
(iv) Alliance Building
(ii) CWC – Chemical Weapons Convention
(iii) ABM – Anti-ballistic Missile
(iv) START – Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty,
(v) SALT- II – Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty-II.
Narrow concept of ______ focuses on threats to individual or, as former UN Secretary-
General ________ puts it, “the protection of ________ and individual from________”.
| A. 1972 | (i) Chemical Weapons Convention |
| B. 1992 | (ii) NPT |
| C. 1968 | (iii) Kyoto Protocol |
| D. 1997 | (iv) Biological Weapons Convention. |
A. 1972 | (i) Biological Weapons Convention. |
B. 1992 | (ii) Chemical Weapons Convention |
C. 1968 | (iii) NPT |
D. 1997 | (iv) Kyoto Protocol |
For traditional security it stands for the state with its territory and governing institutions and for non-traditional security it includes not just the state but also individuals or communities or indeed all of mankind.
Yes,India is a signatory to this protocol.
Examine the importance of cooperation in concept of Traditional Security.
(i)This is almost universally accepted view that countries should go to war primarily for self-defence or to protect other people from genocide.
(ii) Armies must avoid killing or hurting non-combatants as well as unarmed and surrendering combatants.
(iii)They should not be excessively violent. Force must be used only after all the alternatives have failed.
(iv)Other form of cooperation are disarmament, arms control and confidence building.
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The treaties are:
(i) Anti-ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty 1972.
(ii) Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty-II (SALT-II)
(iii) Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)
(iv) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968.
It works as a means of avoiding violence because the countries tell each other about their military intentions and, up to a point, their military plans. They also tell each other about their forces they prossess, and they may share information on where those forces are deployed. CBM is designed to ensure that rivals do not go to war through misunderstanding or misperception.
(ii) Proponent of the ‘narrow’ concept of human security focus on violent threats to individual.
(iii)While the ‘broad’ concept of human security includes threats from hunger, disease and natural disasters which kill more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined.
(iv)It has also emphasised on economic security and ‘threats’ to human dignity i.e., ‘freedom from want’ and ‘freedom from fear’.
(i) How do the big powers react when new countries claim nuclear status ?
(ii) On what basis can we say that some countries can be trusted with nuclear weapons while others can’t be ?
(ii) Countries with nuclear weapons can be trusted if it declares usage of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, while the countries which builds nuclear arsenal can not be trusted.
Terrorist groups seek to change a political context or condition that they do not like by force or threat of force.Civilian targets are usually chosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against national goverments and other parties in conflicts.
(i) World population will grow from 650 crore to 700-800 crore in next 25 years..
(ii)Currently, half the world's population growth occurs in India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia.
(iii) Among the poorest countries the population is expected to triple in next 50 years, whereas many rich countries will see population shrinkage in that period.
(iv) Poverty leads to large scale migration to seek a better life. This has created international political frictions
While refugees leave their country of origin, internally displaced people are those who have fled their homes but remain within national borders.
(iii) In North America and other industrialised countries, new drug therapies dramatically lowered the death rate from HIV-AIDS.
(iv)Other new and poorly understood diseases such as ebola virus, hantavirus and hepatitis c have emerged, while old diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, dengue fever and cholera have mutated into drug resistant forms that are difficult to treat.
(ii)Cooperative security may also involve a variety of other players, both national and International Organisations – the UN, World Health Organisation, the World Bank and other institutions – also play a significant role in cooperative security.
(iii) Non-governmental Organisations – Amnesty International, the Red Cross etc. play an important role in it. Great personalities like Mother Teresa, Nelson Mandela are also involved in it.
(iv) The international community have to sanction the use of force is used as a last resort to deal with governments that kill their own people or ignore the miseries of their poor population who are devastated by poverty, disease and catastrophe.
(i) India’s first component is the strengthening of military capabilities. India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours–Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999; and China in 1962. India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries in the South Asian region.
(ii) The second component of India’s security has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests.
(iii) The third component has been to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system which allows different communities and groups of people to freely articulate their grievances and share political power.
(iv) The fourth component of India’s security has been to develop its economy in a way that vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economics qualities are not allowed to exist.
Distinguish between the internal and external notion of traditional security.
Internal notion of traditional security includes-
(i) Separatist movements.
(ii) Internal wars.
External notion of traditional security includes-
(i) Danger to a country from military threats.
(ii) Deterrence, defence and balance of power.
Explain the traditional concept of ‘Security’?
In traditional concept of Security, the greatest danger to a country is from military threats. The source of this danger is another country which by threatening military action endangers the core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.
Identify and explain any four new sources of threat to security.
The new sources of threat to security:
(i) Terrorism: It refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and discriminately.
(ii) Health epidemics: Such as like HIV- AIDS, bird flu and SARS have rapidly spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and military operations. One country’s failure or success in limiting the spread of these diseases affects infections in other countries.
(iii) Human Rights: While there is broad agreement on the classification, there is no agreement on which set of rights should be considered as universal human rights, nor what the international community should do when rights are being violated.
(iv) Global poverty: Poverty in the South has also led to large-scale migration to seek a better life, especially better economic opportunities, in the North. This has created international political frictions.
Explain in brief any four components of India’s security strategy.
The components of India’s security strategy:
(i) Strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours.
(ii) Strengthening international norms and international institutions to protect its interests.
(iii) The third component of Indian security is geared towards meeting security challenges within the country.
(iv) There has been an attempt in India to developed its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.
Why human security is more important in the contemporary world than territorial security?
Because it is the basis of a nation state.
State any one measures to deal with terrorism as a new source of threat to security.
Far more effective measures to deal with terrorism is to devise strategies that involve international cooperation. Cooperative security may also involve a variety of other players, both international and national.
Describe any three international challenging issues that can only be dealt with when all the countries work together.
OR
What is meant by traditional notion of external security ? Describe any two components of this type of security.
OR
In the traditional conception of security, the greatest danger to a country is from military threats. The source of this danger is another country which by threatening military action endangers the core values of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.
i. Balance of Power - When countries look around them, they see that some countries are bigger and stronger. This is a clue to who might be a threat in the future. For instance, a neighbouring country may not say it is preparing for attack. There may be no obvious reason for attack. But the fact that this country is very powerful is a sign that at some point in the future it may choose to be aggressive.
ii. Alliance building - An alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack. Most alliances are formalised in written treaties and are based on a fairly clear identification of who constitutes the threat. Countries form alliances to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance. Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interests change.
Explain any two components of India’s security strategy.
The components of India’s security strategy:
(i) Strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours.
(ii) Strengthening international norms and international institutions to protect its interests.
Why is violence between two communities considered as a threat to democracy?
Because violence disturbs not only the social and economic
interdependence , but also it adversely affects the secular system. It also hampers the religious freedom of an individual.
Describe terrorism as a new source of threat to security.
Terrorism as a new source of threat –
i) It refers to political violence that targets civilians indiscriminately.
ii) The terrorists use civilians as a weapon against national government to change a political context or condition they do not like.
iii) Terrorist groups seek to change a political context or condition that they do not like.
iv) Civilian targets are usually chosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against national governments or other parties in conflict.
v) Example : Plane hijacking, planting bombs in trains ,cafes, markets and other crowded places.
Describe the security challenges faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the Second World War.
The security challenges facing the newly-independent countries of Asia and
Africa after the Second World War
(i) The newly independent countries faced the prospect of military conflict with neighbouring countries.
(ii) They had to worry about internal military conflict. These countries faced
threats not only from outside their borders, mostly from neighbours, but also from within.
(iii) Many newly independent countries came to fear their neighbours even more than they feared the US or the Soviet Union or the former colonial powers. They quarrelled over borders and territories or control of people and populations or all of these simultaneously.
(iv)Internally, the new states were worried about threats from separatist
movements which wanted to form independent countries. Sometimes, the
external and internal threats merged.
(v) A neighbour might help or instigate an internal separatist movement leading to tensions between the two neighbouring countries.
(vi)Internal wars now make up more than 95 per cent of all armed conflicts
fought anywhere in the world.
(vii) Between 1946 and 1991, there was a twelve-fold rise in the number of civil wars—the greatest jump in 200 years. So, for the new states, external wars with neighbours and internal wars posed a serious challenge to their security.
What is meant by traditional notion of internal and external security?
1. Internal Security
- It is related to security within the country, i.e. internal law and order. - Internal security is essential to face any external challenges. - After World War II internal security was almost assured in most of the
developed world.
2. External Security
- Threat of war or military attack by another country. - Acountry can prevent the attack, defend or surrender. - Create a balance of power. - Alliance building.
What constrained the Super Powers to go for a full-fledged war inspite of having nuclear weapons?
Both the Super Powers knew very well the intensity of destruction that would take place. It was not acceptable to either of them. No political gain could justify the destruction of their societies. That is why they did not go for a full fledged nuclear war.
Describe the security challenges faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the Second World War.
SECURITY CHALLENGES FACED BY THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES
(i) The newly independent countries faced threats not only from outside their borders but also from within.
(ii) For the newly Independent Countries external and internal threats posed serious challenges to their security.
(iii) Some of these states are worried about threats from separatist movement within the country.
(iv) Terrorism is a problem faced by maximum newly free countries from outside borders example – ISIS.
(v) Newly independent countries are high populated and low per capita income countries so that facing the problem of Global poverty.
(vi) Newly Independent countries are also facing the problem of social injustice discrimination based on caste, creed, religion, which affects the Human Rights.
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