Physical Education Chapter 9 Sports Medicine

“Sports injuries” are the types of injuries that occur during
participating in sports/ competition, training sessions or sports activities.
Causes of sport injuries:
1.Improper conditioning-Without proper conditioning it is but natural to get injured in sports.
2.Improper warming up-Due to improper warming up an athelet may get injury during training.
3.Lack of fitness-Fitness does not mean only physical fitness,but physiological and psychological fitness also.
4.Lack of sport facilities-Injuries are usually faced by sportspersons who lack proper sports facilities.
Prevention of sports injuries:
1.Balanced diet-It is also essential for the prevention of sports injuries because the lack of essential minerals and vitamins such as calcium,vitaminD ,Etc.
2.Proper knowledge of sports skills-It is beneficial for preventing sports injuries.
3.Proper sports facilities:Sports injuries can be prevented,if good quality of sports equipments and proper sports grounds are available for practice and competions.
4.Use of proper techniques:Using the proper tecniques of your sports may reduce the risk of getting injuries such as tendonitis and stress fractures.

A laceration is an irregular cut in the skin from a sharp object sports equipments.Bleeding occur in less quantity in such wound.These wounds may be very poisonous. 

1.Wear protective gear-
Protective gear is anything you wear that helps keep you from getting hurt. The gear you wear depends on the sport you play.Helmets are the most common protective gear. They protect your all-important head while you're playing football, hockey, baseball, softball, biking, skateboarding, and inline skating, just to name a few!Other sports require eye protection, mouthguards, pads, wrist, elbow, and knee guards, and a protective cup (for boys only). And don't forget your feet. Cleats are worn in football, baseball, softball, and soccer. These shoes have special rubber or plastic points on the soles to help your feet grip the ground when you run around.

2.Warm up-
It's not a good idea to just bolt on to the field and start playing. You shouldn't even start stretching until you're a little warmed up. So take a light jog to get loosened up and ready to play.
3.Know the rules of the game-
Traffic lights at intersections help prevent crashes between the many cars and trucks that drive on the roads together. This works because drivers know the rules and follow them — at least most of the time. It's the same way with sports.When players know the rules of the game — what's legal and what's not — fewer injuries happen. You and the other players know what to expect from each other. For instance, you know that in soccer you can't come from behind, crash into a player's legs, and steal the ball. It's legal — and safer — to go after the ball rather than the player.
4.Watch out for others-
Some rules don't have anything to do with scoring points or penalties. Some rules are just about protecting other people and being courteous. For instance, in baseball or softball, the batter can't fling the bat after hitting the ball and heading for first base. He or she must drop it so that it doesn't hit anyone. Likewise, a diver would make sure that the pool was clear before diving in. Otherwise, he or she might land on someone else.One way you can watch out for others is to communicate on the field. For instance, a baseball player in the outfield might yell 'I got it' to avoid a collision with another outfielder.

Common soft tissue injuries in Basketball. Basketball is such a game in which the chances of getting injured are maximum. The main reason of injuries is the rapidity of the game. The common soft tissue injuries, which may occur in this game, are contusion, sprain, bruises strain, and abrasion. Dislocation of joints and fracture may also occur but these are not very common. The above indicated soft tissue injuries in Basketball may be due to falling on to the floor In this way. bruises abrasian or contusion may occur. Strain or sprain may be dup to spontaneous Jerk in running to get hold on the bailor by taking a jump to grab the ball. These injuries may occur at suddenspurt or coliision of players The description of such injuries is mentioned below:
(i) Contusion. Contusion is a muscle injury. A direct hit In the Basketball with or without any sports equipment can be the main reason of contusion In contusion. blood vessels in the muscles are broken and sometimes bleeding may occur in the muscles. Stiffness and swelling are common features at the site of contusion Sometimes, in such cases muscles fail to respond. In severe cases muscle becomes completely inactive.
(ii) Strain. Strain is also a muscle injury. Strain can be mild as well as severe. Sometimes, the complete muscle can be ruptured. In case of complete rupture, it is not possible to move that part or limb. There may be severe pain around the rupture. There may be many situations during the practice or competitions when a strain may occur.
(iii) Sprain. It is a ligament injury. It may occur due to overstretching or tearing of ligament. Generally, sprain occurs at wrist joint and ankle joint. Sometimes, fracture is also possible along with the sprain. In such injury, swelling, inflammation, severe pain and tenderness are common symptoms. There can be laxity in the ligament. All the above-mentioned symptoms depend on the severity of sprain.
(iv) Abrasion. Abrasion is a skin injury. Abrasion usually occurs due to friction with certain equipment or a fall upon the area where the bone is very close to the skin. It occurs at the upper part of the skin.
(v) Bruises. Bruises are not clearly seen because the upper skin remains unaffected, but inner tissues are damaged. The affected area becomes blue. In fact, the blood spreads under the skin because of rupture of blood vessels.

The amount of oxygen which can be consumed by the working muscles from the blood.

A number of types of sports injuries can be considered acute including:

• Contusions (bruise)
• Subluxation (partial dislocation that reduces itself)
• Dislocation
• Fractures
• Sprains (injury to ligaments)
• Strains (injury to muscles)

Most acute sports injuries can be treated safely at home using the P.R.I.C.E. principle. The principles of P.R.I.C.E. should be used for the first 48 – 72 hours immediately after the injury. The goal during this time frame is to control the amount of swelling to the injured area, prevent further injury, and reduce pain.

This principle can effectively reduce the amount of swelling in an injured area thereby reducing the amount of time required for rehabilitation.

The acronym stands for:

• P-Protection: Protect your Injury from further damage, for example by using a support or splint.
• R-Rest: Rest your injury fro the first two to three days. You may need to use crutches if you have injured your leg. Then reintroduce movement gradually so you don't delay your recovery by losing muscle strength.
• I-Ice: Ice the painful area with a cold compress such as ice or a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a towel. This will help reduce swelling and bruising. Do this for 15 to 20 minutes every two to three hours. Don't apply ice directly to your skin as it can damage it.
• C-Compression: Compress the injured area with an elastic bandage or elasticated tubular bandage to help limit swelling and movement. But don't leave the bandage on while you sleep.
• E-Elevation: Elevate your injury by resting it above the level or your heat and keep it supported. This could mean lying on the sofa with your foot on some cushions if you have injured your leg.

Abrasion is Soft Tissue injury. It is the injury of skin in which skin is scrapped or rubbed by friction.

Fracture: Breaking of a bone / bone injury a) Simple or closed fracture b) Transverse facture c) Spiral fracture d) Comminuted fracture e) Impacted fracture f) Green stick fracture g) Oblique bone fracture h) Complicated fracture
Dislocation: Joint injury
Injuries of Joint - Dislocation: Bones are displaced from their original position (Lower jaw, shoulder joint, hip joint and wrist joint)

“Sports injuries” are the types of injuries that occur during participating in sports/ competition, training sessions or sports activities.

Injuries are classified according to the type of body tissue damaged, the two categories are soft-tissue injury and hard-tissue injury.

Soft-tissue injuries are the most common injuries resulting from participation in sport.

They include the following:

• Skin injuries—abrasions, lacerations and blisters
• Muscle injuries—tears or strains of muscle fibres and contusions
• Tendon injuries—tears or strains of tendon fibres and inflammation (tendonitis)
• Ligament injuries—sprains and tears of ligament fibres.

Soft-tissue injuries can result in internal bleeding and swelling

Hard-tissue injuries are those involving damage to the bones of the skeleton. They range from severe fractures and joint dislocations to bruising of the bone.

Tips: -

Soft-tissue injuries are the most common injuries resulting from participation in sport.

They include the following:

1. Skin injuries—abrasions, lacerations and blisters
2. Muscle injuries—tears or strains of muscle fibres and contusions
3. Tendon injuries—tears or strains of tendon fibres and inflammation (tendonitis)
4. Ligament injuries—sprains and tears of ligament fibres.

Soft-tissue injuries can result in internal bleeding and swelling.

Types of soft tissue:

1. Bruises (haematoma)
2. Sprains (ligaments)
3. Strains (tendons)
4. Lacerations (skin)
5. Tendonitis (tendons)

Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness, treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports-related to sports and exercise.

It is an injury, which is caused when the skin is scraped or rubbed by friction. It causes severe pain sometimes bleeding.

A sprain is a sudden stretching of ligaments of as joints & associated with the pain & de-colouration into tissues. For example Ankle, Elbow, knee.

A fracture is a broken bone. It can range from a thin crack to a complete break. The fracture caused by a direct blow to the bone either in a fall or a kick.

A fracture of a bone caused by repeated (rather than sudden) mechanical stress.

A dislocated shoulder joint is a joint where the bones of the shoulder are no longer in their normal positions.

Sports medicine encompasses the range of study into the medicine of exercising people. This involves the assessment and management of sports people and the prevention of injury through the application of sports science knowledge and the application of exercise physiology knowledge.

A fundamental concept in sports medicine is the use of active rehabilitation techniques that result in the safe and timely return of the injured athlete to participation in his or her sport.

Coaches, as well as athletes, expect sports medicine physicians to use all available clinical tools to effectively rehabilitate the injured athlete.

Soft tissue injuries are the most common injury in sport. Soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support or surround other structures and organs of the body.

Types of soft tissue injury.

1. Contusion
2. Strain
3. Sprain
4. Abrasions
5. Bruises.

A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments are tissues that connect bones at a joint falling, twisting, or getting hit can all cause a sprain. Ankle and wrist sprains are common. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising and being unable to move your joint. You might feel a pop or tear when the
injury happens.

The strain is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon. Tendons are tissues that connect muscle to bone. Twisting or pulling these tissues can cause a strain. Strains can happen suddenly or develop over time. Back and hamstring muscle strains are common. Many people get strains playing sports. Symptoms include pain, muscle spasms, swelling and trouble moving the muscle.

A dislocation occurs when 2 bones are out of place of the joint that connects them. Dislocation may also cause injury to nerves and blood vessels. Joints that become dislocated and later heal are more likely to become dislocated again.

Types of Dislocation includes.

Shoulder dislocation: The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated major joint of the body. In a typical case of a dislocated shoulder, a strong force that pulls the shoulder outward (abduction) or extreme rotation of the joint pops the ball of the humerus out of the shoulder socket. Dislocation commonly occurs when there is a backward pull on the arm that either catches the muscles unprepared to resist or overwhelms the muscles.

Hip dislocation: It occurs when the head of the thighbone (femur) is forced out of its socket in the hip bone (pelvis). It typically takes a major force to dislocate the hip. Car collisions and falls from significant height are common causes and as a result, other injuries like broken bones often occur with the dislocation.

The aim of sports medicine is to deal with the improvement of general well being and health of the population through the promotion of an active lifestyle. In addition, medical care of all people who exercise or involve sports activities and diagnosis, treatment, prevention, rehabilitation and functional evaluation following to injuries or illnesses resulting from amateur (Recreational) or professional participation to physical activities, exercises and sports of the general interest in sports medicine.

“The main objective of sports medicine is to restore a patient’s functioning to the highest level possible”.

The other objectives are:

1. Preventive health care:

1. Maintenance of fitness
2. Detection of disorders.
3. Functional Evaluation

2. Scientific promotion of games and sports)

1. Planning of training programs
2. Evaluation of training programs
3. Injury prevention
4. Psychological counselling and guidance

3. Sports Medical Services:

Sports medicine services may also be extended to the prevention of obesity, cardiac illness, cardiac rehabilitation, prevention and control of diabetes.

The sports medicine physicians are specially trained for total care of athletes and active individuals. Sports medicine physicians take care of people who have sports injuries. These individuals may be athletes, or they may be regular people. One does not have to be an athlete or even play a sport to have a sports injury. Someone running down the street who trips and sprains their knee is considered to have a sports injury, even if they are not an athlete and were not participating in running as a sport.

1. There’s a long list of conditions that they can help with. They include.
2. Acute injuries such as ankle sprains, joint injuries, dislocations and non-surgical fractures.
3. Overuse injuries including stress fractures, tendonitis and osteoarthritis
4. Traumatic brain injuries.
5. Helping athletes with acute illnesses (mononucleosis, asthma)
6. Nutrition
7. Exercise prescriptions for people who want to become more active.
8. Injury prevention
9. “Return to play” decisions for injured or ill athletes
10. Pre-participation physical examinations
11. Exercise promotion

The most effective, initial treatment for soft tissue injuries is the R.I.C.E.R.

(R) rest,

(I) ice,

(C) compression,

(E) elevation and obtaining a

(R) referral for appropriate medical treatment.

A laceration is a more severe injury of tearing or ripping of the layers of skin and the fatty tissues and muscles below the wound.

The International Federation of Sports Medicine.

The modern concept of sports medicine are:

1. The psychological aspect of performance.
2. Exercise in cardio-vascular disease prevention & rehabilitation.
3. Biomechanics related to sports.
4. Cardiac-respiratory function in relation to performance.
5. Nutrition & metabolism in relation to competitive performance.
6. Effect of altitude on endurance performance Recommendations of FISM at world level.

The Aims of sports medicine are:

1. To prevent damage to the human system caused mostly by inactivity due to
2. sedentary habits and lack of physical exercise.
3. To concentrate on the causes of injury.
4. To recover from the injury and regain maximum body functioning after an accident.
5. Advance preparation to protect the athlete from physical injury occurred during play, practice or competition in a match.

1. Simple – the bone is broken in one place.
2. Closed – the skin over the broken bone has not been pierced.
3. Comminuted – the broken bone has three or more bone fragments.
4. Open or compound – the skin over the fracture has been pierced and the broken bone is exposed.
5. Undisplaced – the broken bone pieces are aligned.
6. Displaced – the broken bone pieces are not aligned.
7. Transverse fracture – the fracture is at a right angle to the long axis of the long axis of the bone.
8. Greenstick fracture – the fracture is on one side of the bone, causing a bend on the other side of the bone.

An incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent. This type of fracture occurs most often in children.

A Dislocation occurs when the bone is forcefully moved out of its normal location in a joint.

Signs and symptoms of dislocation:

1. Discoloured
2. Swollen
3. Mis-happen
4. Limited in mobility
5. Intensely painful
6. Incapable of bearing weight

First aid of dislocation:

Call an ambulance for help, if there is a life-threatening emergency situation.

Do not move any body part of a person unnecessary, if there is a suspicion of the head, neck back, or leg injury.

Give support to dislocated part.

Apply ice on the injured part to reduce pain and swelling only if there is no open injury. 

ICE and REST:

Rinse the wound gently if there is an open wound.

Elevate the injured part of the body.

Tie and cover the injured part.

 Preventive measures for dislocation

Awareness: Players should be well rested and alert. The ability to recognize and avoid hazards on the field, whether from an opponent or a stationary obstacle, is critical.

Equipment: Gear should fit properly. Shoes should be comfortable and supportive. Helmets should never block vision. Uniforms should fit well and not restrict movement.

Protective gear: Pads and helmets are a must. Protective gear buffers the force of an impact.